温室网纹甜瓜临界氮浓度和氮营养指数模拟研究

为实现精准的氮营养诊断和指导生产,研究通过4个不同氮素水平处理的温室网纹甜瓜基质栽培试验,构建了临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并推导得到了氮素吸收和氮营养指数模型。结果表明:临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型(%N_c=4.235DW~(-0.353)_(max))揭示了植株地上部生物量和氮浓度值之间呈幂函数关系,决定系数R~2=0.814,同时得到最高和最低氮浓度稀释曲线,决定系数分别为R~2=0.808、R~2=0.810;氮素吸收模型和氮营养指数模型对网纹甜瓜营养诊断结果基本一致,植株适宜的氮素施用量为始瓜期前4.1g/株,之后1.3～2.7g/株。本研究提出的临界氮浓度、氮素吸收和氮营养指数模型,相较于传统的经验方法更具有机理性,可为温室网纹甜瓜的氮肥管理决策提供理论依据。     

亚精胺对镉胁迫下杞柳生长和生理特性的影响

为研究外源亚精胺对镉胁迫下杞柳生长和生理特性的影响,采用营养液培养试验,通过不同浓度(0、10、20、30、40 mg·L~(-1))的Cd2+胁迫处理,探明Cd2+对杞柳的半抑制浓度;研究在半抑制浓度下施用外源亚精胺(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mmol·L~(-1))对镉胁迫的缓解效应。结果表明:镉胁迫对杞柳的半抑制浓度为24.50 mg·L~(-1);施用外源亚精胺可以有效缓解镉胁迫对杞柳生长的抑制作用,外源亚精胺处理相对生长率较对照增加44.97%～102.76%,过氧化氢含量下降54.08%～67.39%;其中0.4 mmol·L~(-1)亚精胺处理下相对生长率、根系节点数、连接数、分叉数的增长幅度均为最高,分别增加102.76%、50.33%、25.20%和25.42%,其总蛋白含量上升43.43%,产生超氧阴离子活力单位与过氧化氢含量分别下降46.35%和67.39%。研究表明,喷施亚精胺能有效缓解杞柳幼苗镉胁迫,其最佳施用浓度为0.4 mmol·L~(-1)。     

农药自动混药装置的研究现状与展望

目前,我国农作物病虫害防治主要依靠施用农药,现有的大多数农药剂型需要加水稀释,配制成一定浓度后再施用。近年,我国农业航空迅速发展,对农业航空的智能化农业机械装备的需求变得非常迫切。系统总结了农药自动混药装置类型以及农药自动混药装置特点,通过对农药自动混药装置研究发展概况分析,阐明了国内农药自动混药装置所存在的问题,展望未来农药混药装置的发展趋势,为后续的研究方向奠定基础。     

大熊猫源枝孢样枝孢霉野生株(Z20)与突变株(Zt)部分生物学特性及药敏试验比较

为探明枝孢样枝孢霉野生株Z20与突变株Zt在生物学特性及药物敏感上的差异,将枝孢样枝孢霉Z20和Zt于PDA培养基上连续培养7 d,每天观察菌落形态及长势。将菌株Z20和Zt在沙氏液基上培养4 d后用透射电镜对其超微结构进行观察。采用硫酸-苯酚法测定枝孢样枝孢霉Z20和Zt的菌丝体多糖含量。运用96孔板微量稀释法测定5种常见抗真菌药物对枝孢样枝孢霉Z20和Zt的最小抑菌浓度。结果表明:在PDA培养基上菌株Zt的生长速率高于Z20,菌落颜色较浅,孢子数量减少。在透射电镜下,野生株Z20的菌丝壁厚度和菌丝宽度显著大于突变株Zt,且菌丝的含糖量也显著高于突变株Zt。药敏试验中,除灰黄霉素外,枝孢样枝孢霉Zt对5种药物的敏感性均高于Z20。     

Effects of partial replacement of nitrate with different nitrogen forms on the yield,quality and nitrate content of Chinese kale

In this study, the yields, nutritional qualities and nitrate (NO₃) content of Chinese kale were studied with two cultivars, following partial replacement of nitrate (20%) with ammonium (NH₄), urea and glycine in hydroponics. The results showed that, compared with the full nitrate treatment, ammonium replacement increased the fresh weight by 18.1% and 8.0% of ‘Zaobao’ and ‘Lvbao’ cultivars respectively, whereas urea and glycine replacements decreased the biomass significantly. Adding different nitrogen (N) forms significantly improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, free amino acid, protein, soluble phenol and flavonoids in Chinese kale. Adding the three alternative N forms also reduced nitrate content significantly, in which glycine replacement was the lowest. According to the results obtained, different forms of N replacement could be used for different purposes. Glycine replacement could be the best alternative only to improve qualities, while ammonium replacement could be the best alternative to improve both the yield and qualities.     

有机负荷对秸秆消化系统性能及可利用态金属浓度的影响

利用农作物秸秆为原料,在半连续条件下研究厌氧反应器消化特性及金属浓度的变化。结果表明,当有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR)为4 g/(L·d),固体停留时间(Solid rentention time,SRT)为66.7 d时,单位挥发性固体(VS)最大甲烷产率为217 m L/g,达到了理论产值的56%~58%。采用修正的Tessier法分析金属形态分布,瘤胃和厌氧污泥共接种物中的金属Zn,Cu,Fe,Ni,Mo等提供了产甲烷过程酶的辅因子,有利于水解和产甲烷活性的提高。当OLR升高到6 g/(L·d),SRT下降为40 d时,溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)浓度显著升高,导致金属浓度发生变化。沼渣中Zn和Fe可利用态质量分数显著下降(P0.05),分别为4.39和5.54 mg/kg,Cu可利用态质量分数下降为0.40 mg/kg。从而导致甲烷产率下降为110 m L/g,体系中挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)积累。乙酸、丙酸及丁酸质量浓度均值分别达到了2.02、6.54和0.53 g/L,出现酸化现象。     

超滤-反渗透组合膜分离偶联真空浓缩鸡骨素中试

该研究以鸡骨素为原料,中试条件下对比分析了真空浓缩与2种膜组合偶联真空浓缩工艺的优劣。通过测定真空浓缩工艺的浓缩速率和水分去除率,微滤-反渗透和超滤-反渗透组合膜的膜通量、物料损失率、干物质损失率和蛋白损失率,研发了梯度膜分离与真空浓缩偶联的新型骨素浓缩工艺并进行了中试研究。结果显示:真空浓缩前期60 min内可溶性固形物含量升高缓慢,浓缩速率低,耗能大;微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透膜分离的物料损失率为0.5%、6.25%、4%、7.1%,干物质损失率为1.6%、19.4%、22.4%、20%,蛋白质损失率分别为35.8%、25.7%、22%、16%,膜通量衰减速率与膜孔径呈现负相关;膜组合结果表明超滤-反渗透膜组合能够提高反渗透膜通量,显著减少物料损失和干物质损失(P0.01)。中试结果表明,超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩工艺耗时110 min,耗资27.85元,耗煤11.018 8 kg,污染气体SO2和NOx的排放量分别为0.010 1 kg和0.014 6 kg。超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩新型工艺缩短了浓缩时间,降低了生产成本,污染气体的排放显著(P0.01)减少,一定程度上实现了节能减排,可以作为一种新型工艺用于鸡骨素浓缩生产。     

草坪草屑的加工与利用

我国每年修剪草坪产生大量的草坪草屑,对草坪草屑的加工利用,可以对我国能源、饲料、肥料及蛋白资源的短缺起到一定的缓解作用,因此如何对草坪草屑进行合理利用已成为一项重要的研究课题。本文综述了草坪草屑能源化、饲料化、肥料化和深加工4种利用方式,详细介绍了草坪草屑在发酵生产能源、饲喂家畜、堆肥还坪以及加工叶蛋白等方面的研究进展,指出禾本科草坪草屑和豆科草坪草屑应采用不同的处理方式,对各加工方式的投入和产出也应进行进一步的量化核算,同时总结并展望了草坪草屑利用方式的发展前景。     

Interactions of baseflow habitat constraints: Macroinvertebrate drift,stream temperature,and physical habitat for anadromous salmon in the Calapooia River,Oregon

1. The Calapooia River in western Oregon supports a small winter steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population and historically supported spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Early timber harvesting removed the riparian forest, and log transportation practices simplified the channel. Those disturbance legacies continue to affect fish habitat by limiting shade and channel complexity, complicating conservation efforts.
2. To evaluate juvenile salmonid rearing potential, macroinvertebrate drift, thermal regime and physical habitat were measured at eight sites in 24 km of the upper river during late summer baseflow.
3. Overall physical habitat was simple, with few functioning instream structures or pools. During the 22‐day drift study, flows declined and maximum site stream temperatures ranged from 23.1°C at the lower end to 16.4°C 24 km upstream.
4. Macroinvertebrate drift concentrations ranged from 0.7–13.7 ind. m^?3 with biomasses from 0.02–1.23 mg m^?3. Drift concentration biomass was higher upstream (P  = 0.006) than downstream and declined overall (P  < 0.001) during the study. Drift biomass was dominated by five taxon groups – Baetis tricaudatus, Calineuria californica, Hesperoperla pacifica, Simulium spp., and Chironomidae, which were 65% of total biomass. During twilight, total biomass and biomass of B. tricaudatus, Simulium spp., and Chironomidae (both larvae and adults) were higher.
5. Total drift declined dramatically over the study period owing to decreases in drift concentration and a 58% decline in discharge, greatly reducing overall drift and available food resources for juvenile‐rearing salmonids.
6. The upper catchment, both with cooler temperatures and higher food availability, provided the best conditions for juvenile anadromous salmonids to survive late summer conditions. Conservation consequences of climate change‐induced alterations in flow and temperature may further affect habitat quality for juvenile salmonids in this catchment in the coming decades.

     

Chemical composition of Lippia spp. essential oil and antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila

Phytotherapy can replace antibiotic administration as an alternative to control Aeromonas hydrophila, one of the main bacteria involved in the aetiology of farmed fish diseases. Given that plants of the Lippia spp. genus show biological potential for antimicrobial activity, this study evaluated the chemical composition of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba, Lippia origanoides and Lippia sidoides and their activity against A. hydrophila. The oils were obtained by steam distillation in a Clevenger‐type apparatus and their composition determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (CG/MS). Antibacterial activity was assessed by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using broth microdilution method. The main compounds identified were geranial (25.4%) and neral (16.6%) in L. alba oil, carvacrol (40.4%) and p‐cymene (11.4%) in L. origanoides oil and thymol (76.6%) and ortho‐cymene (6.3%) in L. sidoides oil. The three Lippia species showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal action against A. hydrophila, with MICs and MBCs ranging from 1250 to 5000 μg mL^?1. Of the species tested, the best performance was obtained with essential oil of L. sidoides.