‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

外源因子介导调控ROS对中国鲎血淋巴细胞参数的影响

以鲎血为主要原料制备鲎试剂是我国鲎资源开发的关键产业链。我国鲎种群数量逐年下降,为实现鲎资源的保护和可持续利用,开展对中国鲎造血作用机理的相关研究刻不容缓。本研究向中国鲎体内注射N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)和灭活鳗弧菌(V),比较注射后0, 6, 12, 24, 48小时(h)中国鲎的血淋巴细胞总数、活性氧含量及非特异性免疫酶活性变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,注射NAC后血淋巴细胞总数(THC)、活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)活性均有下降趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化酶(T-AOC)、溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均有升高趋势。NAC与不同浓度V共同刺激下,THC、ROS、MDA含量相对仅注射NAC的下降有所减缓,其它酶活性有所升高。而血蓝蛋白(HC)在整个实验中无明显变化。6-48h,NAC组的THC、ROS与V组、NAC和V共刺激组相比呈降低趋势,共同刺激下SOD活性显著高于其它组。48h,NAC、V及共刺激下CAT、T-AOC组间无显著差异,但均高于对照组。NAC+10⁶V的MDA含量在48h最低,AKP活性在12-48h呈升高趋势,而NAC组的LZM活性在48h最高。注射NAC可降低THC、ROS,共刺激可缓和下降,V组THC、ROS升高,但其余血淋巴参数均提高,由此推测NAC和V均能刺激中国鲎血淋巴细胞的免疫机能；机体内的ROS含量对中国鲎血淋巴细胞增殖及再生起着重要作用。     

Effects of water temperatures and dietary protein levels on growth,body composition and blood biochemistry of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively.     

化学打顶对阿拉尔垦区主栽品种光合冠层的影响

化学打顶是指利用植物生长调节剂来打破作物顶端优势,进而保障作物的正常生长和生产。本文为探究化学打顶对作物的影响,利用摇钱素和棉花打顶剂处理新陆中70和新陆中82不同品种,同时测定不同化学打顶剂处理条件下,棉花的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度及棉花冠层叶面积指数指标。研究发现：不同化学打顶处理条件下,与人工打顶相比化学打顶的棉花的五种指标变化均不明显,但新陆中70和新陆中82品种的净光合速率平均值与对照相比分别高出3 μmol/(m2.s)和2 μmol/(m2.s),且冠层叶面积指数值比人工打顶的略高。试验结果表明化学打顶处理后没有造成棉花疯长,提高了光能利用率,进而增加作物群体的光合作用。     

苏北地区粳稻生产中化学品投入普遍过量的原因及减投方案

通过调查发现,苏北地区粳稻生产中普遍存在化学品过量施用的现象,分析了其原因并提出了针对性减肥减药技术方案。方案主要包括：⑴选用适宜品种;⑵培育长秧龄壮秧、普施“出嫁药肥”;⑶麦秸全量还田;⑷浅耕地且防基肥渗漏;⑸抢早扩行移栽;⑹通气式灌溉、高质量搁田;⑺分蘖肥减量增效、施足穗肥;⑻综合防控。采用此减投技术,在化学品投入下降28%~42%的情况下,还能保障苏北地区粳稻成穗量充足、群体质量优良、病虫草害得到有效防控,进而实现“化投大降、产量不减、防效不降、安全高质”。     

杂交鲌"先锋1号"肌肉营养成分分析及品质评价

为探明杂交鲌“先锋1号”与其母本翘嘴鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)(♀)和父本黑尾近红鲌(Ancherythroculter nigrocauda)(♂)的营养品质差异,对三种鲌肌肉营养品质进行了测定和评价。结果显示:杂交鲌水分含量显著高于父本,粗脂肪含量显著低于父本,灰分含量显著低于母本。杂交鲌肌肉的胱氨酸(Cys)含量显著高于母本,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)高于父本。杂交鲌肌肉中十五碳烷酸(C15∶0)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3)的相对含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和黑尾近红鲌。杂交鲌肌肉硬度显著高于母本,肌肉弹性显著低于父本;铁含量与父本无显著差异,但显著高于母本。结果表明,杂交鲌“先锋1号”肌肉营养成分兼具双亲的优良性状,表现出一定的杂交优势,是一种优质的营养资源。     

冻融对河北省深州市盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

随着全球气候变暖,冻融对土壤性质的影响日益受到重视。以河北省深州市盐碱土为研究对象,通过分析土壤含水率、全持水量、容重、饱和导水率、电导率、pH和有机质的变化,探讨冻融对0—20cm深度盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:0—20cm土层深度,冻融增加土壤的含水率,而对全持水量的影响较小;0—10cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤容重与pH,降低了土壤的电导率和渗透性,该层土壤水盐运移呈特殊规律,土壤含水率与电导率呈相反变化趋势;对于10—20cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤的渗透性和有机质的含量。在相关性分析中,0—20cm土层深度土壤容重与全持水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),其有机质含量和导水率与其他性质无显著相关;0—10cm土层深度土壤pH与容重和含水率呈极显著相关,与全持水量呈显著相关;10—20cm土层深度土壤电导率与容重呈显著负相关,与全持水量呈显著正相关。研究结果为冻融对盐碱土影响的研究及盐碱土的改良提供科学依据。     

晋北丘陵风沙区不同植被恢复模式的水土保持效应

通过对山西右玉贾家窑阳坡退耕还林约20年后的4种植被恢复模式(自然恢复草地、油松林、柠条灌丛和油松—柠条林)土壤水分、理化性质、径流量和侵蚀量的测定,探讨了不同植被恢复模式的水土保持效应。结果表明:(1)4种植被恢复模式0—100cm土层土壤平均含水量无显著差异,油松林和自然恢复草地的土壤容重高于油松—柠条林和柠条灌丛,土壤总孔隙度的变化趋势与容重相反;(2)4种植被恢复模式0—20cm土层土壤粒度组成、pH、有机质、铵态氮和速效磷无显著差异,硝态氮和速效钾差异明显(P0.05);(3)4种植被恢复模式径流量没有明显差异,但土壤侵蚀量自然恢复草地和油松林显著高于柠条灌丛和油松—柠条林(P0.05);(4)覆盖度相似条件下,根系密度、近地表植被盖度和枯枝落叶层厚度是影响林草植被水土保持效应的主要因素。