混播比例和施氮肥对箭筈豌豆/燕麦草地根系特性的影响

豆科和禾本科牧草混播是栽培草地的重要模式之一,能显著改善土壤,提升系统可持续生产能力。牧草根系是土壤有机质返还的重要来源,但混播草地中牧草根系特性的变化尚不清楚。以箭筈豌豆和燕麦草地为对象,研究了不同施氮肥水平和混播比例下其根生物量、根性状的变化。结果表明:1)混播比例和施氮肥对草地根生物量和根性状有显著交互作用,混播草地根生物量显著大于单播;与高氮肥处理相比,根生物量在低、中氮肥处理下更高;高氮肥对根长、比根长、根表面积和比根面积在植物生长前期表现为抑制作用,在生长后期随混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增大,抑制作用减轻。2)混播条件下土壤硝态氮含量大于单播,而土壤铵态氮含量仅在乳熟期时大于单播,且随混播中箭筈豌豆比例增大,矿质氮含量增加;施氮肥对0~30 cm土层中的矿质氮含量有显著影响,其含量在施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2下最高,不施肥下最小。3)根生物量与土壤硝态氮含量间显著正相关,根长、根表面积、根体积与土壤硝态氮含量间显著负相关。综上,混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增加有助于改善土壤矿质氮,优化混播草地根性状。     

紫薯淀粉对小麦淀粉凝胶特性的影响

以小麦淀粉和紫薯淀粉为材料，利用质构仪、核磁共振、动态流变仪和扫描电镜等分析了紫薯淀粉添加量（0～15%）对小麦淀粉凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：紫薯淀粉添加量在0～15%范围内，随着紫薯淀粉添加量的增加，小麦淀粉凝胶的弹性和内聚性显著增加(P < 0.05)，添加量为10%时，变化最明显。混合淀粉凝胶的弹性模量（G′）和粘性模量（G″）随着紫薯淀粉增加而增加，而损耗角正切值（tanδ）呈下降趋势且小于1，表明混合淀粉凝胶的固体性质增强。在冻融循环过程中，与纯小麦淀粉相比, 混合淀粉凝胶的脱水缩合率呈下降趋势，表明紫薯淀粉的添加使小麦淀粉凝胶强度增大，凝胶网络结构变致密，所以水分难以从淀粉凝胶网络结构中析出。低场核磁中的结果显示，紫薯淀粉的添加，使小麦淀粉凝胶中的一部分自由水转化为弱结合水，提高了混合凝胶的持水性；凝胶网络结构扫描结果显示，紫薯淀粉的添加使混合淀粉凝胶的孔洞分布均匀且孔洞变小。综合结果表明，紫薯淀粉可增强小麦淀粉凝胶的网络结构，改善小麦淀粉的凝胶特性。     

农药自动混药装置的研究现状与展望

目前,我国农作物病虫害防治主要依靠施用农药,现有的大多数农药剂型需要加水稀释,配制成一定浓度后再施用。近年,我国农业航空迅速发展,对农业航空的智能化农业机械装备的需求变得非常迫切。系统总结了农药自动混药装置类型以及农药自动混药装置特点,通过对农药自动混药装置研究发展概况分析,阐明了国内农药自动混药装置所存在的问题,展望未来农药混药装置的发展趋势,为后续的研究方向奠定基础。     

Investigation of the high-amylose maize starch gelatinization behaviours in glycerol-water systems

The effect of glycerol on gelatinization behaviours of high-amylose maize starch was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), texture analyzer (TPA) and rheometer. Gelatinization of the high-amylose maize starches with glycerol content of 10% (w/w) began at 95.4 °C (T_o), peaked at 110.3 °C (T_p), and completed at 118.9 °C (T_c). The birefringence began to disappear at around 100 °C and finished at 120 °C which corresponded well to the onset and conclusion temperatures obtained by DSC. The high-amylose maize starch granules maintained original morphological structure at 100 °C and swelled to a great degree at 110 °C. The high-amylose maize starch paste formed at 100 °C showed the lowest hardness (39.92 g), while at 120 and 130 °C, showed the highest hardness (610.89 g and 635.43 g, respectively). It should be noted that in going from 100 °C to 110 °C there is a significant increase in the viscosity of the slurry solution. The identical apparent viscosity was observed when the shear rate exceed 100 s⁻¹, resulting from the high-amylose maize starch granules were completely gelatinized at 120 °C, which was consistent with DSC analysis.     

基于机器视觉的奶牛发情行为自动识别方法

及时检测奶牛发情、适时人工授精、减少空怀奶牛，是奶牛养殖场增加产奶量的关键手段。针对基于运动量和体温等体征的接触式奶牛发情识别方法会造成奶牛应激反应且识别准确率不高的问题，提出了一种非接触式奶牛发情行为自动识别方法。该方法首先使用改进的高斯混合模型实现运动奶牛目标检测，然后基于颜色和纹理信息去除干扰背景，再利用AlexNet深度学习网络训练奶牛行为分类网络模型，识别奶牛爬跨行为，最终实现对奶牛发情行为的自动识别。在供试数据集上的试验结果表明，本文方法对奶牛发情的识别准确率为100%，召回率为88.24%。本文方法可应用于奶牛养殖场的日常发情监测中，为生产管理提供辅助决策。     

Laboratory and on‐farm evaluation of low‐cost salt mixtures for use during salinity acclimation and the nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The current study evaluates the efficacy of a low‐cost salt mixture (LCSM) to replace expensive reconstituted sea salt (RSS) in the salinity acclimation and nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp under laboratory and farm conditions. LCSM was formulated to yield sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations closely comparable to that of diluted seawater. Laboratory‐based nursery trials were conducted at 2, 6 and 15 g/L salinities, incrementally replacing RSS with LCSM (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) at four replicates per treatment. Thirty postlarvae were reared for 7 days in 24‐L aquaria during the 2 and 6 g/L trials, while the nursery trial for 15 g/L salinity was conducted for 21 days with 400 postlarvae stocked in 150‐L tanks. On‐farm evaluation of LCSM was carried out in two tank‐based systems installed on levees adjacent to shrimp production ponds. RSS was incrementally replaced with LCSM (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and 100 postlarvae stocked into each 800‐L tank. Salinity acclimation was done from 30 g/L to 6 or 1.5 g/L within 2–3 days by pumping water from adjacent shrimp production ponds. Following salinity acclimation, the S4 system maintained flow‐through at 1.5 g/L, while N10 system was maintained static at 6 g/L salinity. At the conclusion, no significant differences were observed for either survival or growth of shrimp postlarvae between RSS and LCSM treatments at all salinities examined. Results reflect the potential use of LCSM to replace RSS, which could be an excellent solution to bring down the cost of production in inland shrimp aquaculture.     

4种氨基糖苷类抗生素联用氯霉素对青海弧菌Q67 联合毒性作用及机制

近年来,氨基糖苷类(Aminoglycoside, AG)抗生素与氯霉素(Chloramphenicol, CHL)联用产生增毒作用而引起的死亡事件屡见不鲜。以4种AG抗生素：盐酸大观霉素(SPC)、硫酸小诺霉素(MCR)、硫酸丁胺卡那霉素(AMK)、妥布霉素(TOB)和氯霉素(CHL)为研究对象,选择青海弧菌(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67,Q67)作为指示生物,采用直线均分法设计二元混合物,采用最小二乘法拟合浓度-效应数据,运用浓度加和(CA)模型对药物间的毒性相互作用进行评估,并同步分析抗生素联合毒性作用机理。结果表明：在暴露时间为12 h时,以半数浓度效应(EC₅₀)的负对数pEC₅₀值为毒性指标,5种抗生素的毒性大小顺序为TOB > CHL > MCR > AMK >SPC;4种AG抗生素与CHL的二元混合物的联合毒性作用特点因混合组分的不同而不同,Q67在二元混合物的EC₅₀浓度水平、暴露12 h后,细胞形态均未发生显著变化,而在单个抗生素的EC₅₀浓度、暴露12 h后,细胞明显受损,但损伤程度不同;大部分受混合物作用的Q67的发光相关物质含量在EC₅₀效应下均低于空白组,抗生素及其混合物的作用机制很可能是通过干扰发光菌体内蛋白质合成,进而导致细菌代谢紊乱,最终致其死亡。     

刈割次数、施肥量及混播比例对牛鞭草和白三叶混播草地牧草品质的影响

在不同刈割频率、施肥量和混播比例下,对混播草地牛鞭草Hemarthria compressa和白三叶Triflium re-pen不同种群产量、地下生物量及分蘖数进行了研究。试验表明,刈割4次牧草蛋白质的收获量与刈割5次的差异不显著(P>0.05),而酸性洗涤纤维的收获量各处理间差异极显著(P<0.01),其中以刈割4次的最高,为1 135.1 g/m2。当刈割次数适当时,牛鞭草粗蛋白的收获量随着施肥量和禾草混播比例的增加而提高。     

3种冷季型草坪草混播配方优化组合筛选试验

在河西走廊中部地区气候条件下,通过对草地早熟禾Poa pratensis、高羊茅Festuca arundinacea、多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne3种冷季型草坪草18种混播配方进行了成坪品质的观察测定,筛选出了适应当地气候条件的优化组合配方10个。     

植物生长调节剂对混播牧草产量及生理特征的影响

应用随机区组试验,研究了赤霉酸(GA3) 6-BA、GA3、6-BA及KT对混播牧草产量及若干生理特征的影响。结果表明:植物生长调节剂处理后,苜蓿Medicago sativa和无芒雀麦Bromus inermis的叶绿素含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均明显高于对照(CK),同时也抑制了丙二醛(MDA)的含量升高。在分别测定苜蓿和无芒雀麦干草产量中,各处理与对照之间差异极显著(P<0.01),其中GA3 6-BA与GA3、6-BA、KT这3种处理差异极显著(P<0.01),其干草总产量达到最高(9 004.5 kg/hm2);另外,GA3、6-BA处理都与KT处理结果差异显著(P<0.05)。