Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochars Derived From Corn,Hardwood, Miscanthus,and Horse Manure Biomasses

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of biomass pyrolysis, is widely recognized as a potential ingredient for soil amendment, fertility, and carbon sequestration owing to its favorable physicochemical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical and physical properties of biochars produced through pyrolysis at 450°C from agricultural residues available in Northwest Missouri, namely hardwood (HW), corn stover (CR), miscanthus (MS), and horse manure (HM). These properties were assessed through the analysis of pyrolysis yield, pH, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash and carbon (C), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) contents, trace metal concentrations, surface morphology, surface functional groups, bulk density, and water holding capacity. The biochars derived from HW, MS and CR materials showed high volatile-matter (33–42%), high fixed carbon contents (42–47%), very low ash contents (6–15%), and low bulk density (0.14–0.28 g cm^?3) as compared to that of HM. A wide range of trace elements was observed in biochar samples with significant differences in concentrations. In addition, CR, HW and MS biochars displayed a disordered graphitic-like structure with well-developed pores and surface areas of 23, 70 and 90 m²/g respectively, and high water-holding capacity up to 750%, indicating their potential application as a soil amendment.     

Construction of recombinant capripoxviruses as vaccine vectors for delivering foreign antigens: Methodology and application

Goatpox (GTP), sheeppox (SPP) and lumpy skin disease (LSD) are three severe diseases of goat, sheep and cattle. Their typical clinical symptoms are characterized by vesicles, papules, nodules, pustules and scabs on animal skins. The GTP, SPP and LSD are caused by goatpox virus (GTPV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), respectively, all of which belong to the genus Capripoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Several capripoxvirus (CaPV) isolates have been virulently attenuated through serial passaging in vitro for production of live vaccines. CaPV-based vector systems have been broadly used to construct recombinant vaccines for delivering foreign antigens, many of which have been demonstrated to induce effective immune protections. Homologous recombination is the most commonly used method for constructing recombinant CaPVs. Here, we described a methodology for generation of recombinant CaPVs by the homologous recombination, and further reviewed CaPV-vectored vaccines for delivering foreign antigens.     

野外试验中热脉冲探针间距校正方法的应用

土壤热特性是土壤的重要参数之一,热脉冲探针是目前土壤热特性最为常用的测量方法。在用热脉冲探针测量土壤热特性时,探针间距对测量结果的准确性影响非常大。而在野外试验中,由于土壤受到植物根系、土壤冻融、土壤动物活动等的影响,会造成探针间距的变化。因此,探针间距的校正在野外实地测量时十分重要。本研究团队在2013年提出热脉冲探针间距的校正方法,即在温度探针中使用两个热敏电阻,并通过理论公式校正探针初始间距后,得到间距变化后的探针真实间距。将此校正方法应用于野外试验中,分别于夏季和冬季监测土壤中三个深度处(3 cm、8 cm和13 cm)探针间距的变化。结果显示探针间距校正后得到的土壤热特性参数与未校正探针间距时的土壤热特性相比,探针间距校正后得到的土壤热特性参数更加准确可靠;但由于冬季表层土壤存在结冰现象,造成热脉冲探针无法准确测量热特性参数。     

响应面优化黑豆总黄酮微波辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化性能评价

为优化微波提取黑豆总黄酮化合物的工艺,并对其抗氧化性进行初步研究,在单因素试验的基础上,选取液料比、乙醇体积分数和微波功率为自变量,总黄酮得率为响应值的三因素三水平的响应曲面分析法,模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型。结果表明:提取工艺的最佳条件为功率600 W、液料比40∶1、乙醇体积分数60%,在此条件下,总黄酮得率达到22.1 mg·g~(-1)。抑制油脂过氧化作用的研究结果表明黑豆黄酮是一种天然的抗氧化剂。     

秦巴山区一次致灾冰雹过程分析

利用常规资料、多普勒雷达及自动站等资料,对秦巴山区一次致灾冰雹过程综合分析。结果表明,此次强对流天气是在高空前倾槽东移过程中产生的,中低层切变线为对流的发生提供了动力条件,地面辐合线是此次强冰雹天气的触发机制;适宜的0℃和-20℃层高度、地面暖低压和特殊的“喇叭口”地形等有利于强冰雹天气的发生;冰雹发生在低空急流左前方、高空急流出口区的左侧和地面辐合线附近。较强不稳定层结和垂直风切变是导致对流快速发展并维持的原因之一;多普勒雷达反射率因子图上对流单体中心强度大于68 dBZ且维持5个体扫,有超级单体生成;反射率因子剖面图上有有界弱回波、回波悬垂等出现;速度图上具有低层辐合和中气旋等特征;在反射率因子和速度图上均可看到三体散射;VIL跃增和骤降的时间与冰雹发生的时间相对应。     

响应面试验优化霍山石斛原球茎增殖培养基

为可持续开发霍山石斛资源，采用响应面法优化霍山石斛原球茎增殖培养基。在单因素试验基础上，根据Box Behnken试验设计原理，采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法，以增殖率为响应值进行回归分析。结果表明，萘乙酸（简称NAA）及6 苄氨基嘌呤（简称6 BA）浓度对增殖率影响最为显著，6 BA与马铃薯两者间交互作用显著，适宜的NAA、6 BA及马铃薯浓度分别为0.05 mg·L-1、0.70 mg·L-1和185 g·L-1，此时增殖率为2 989.82%±205.55%，与模型预测值基本符合。响应面法优化霍山石斛原球茎增殖培养基切实可行。     

响应面法优化混凝处理微污染源水研究

[目的]研究采用响应面法优化混凝处理微污染源水过程。[方法]以商业聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂为研究对象,研究了快速搅拌速度、快速搅拌时间、慢速搅拌速度对混凝处理效率的影响。采用响应面法优化混凝条件。[结果]实测残余浊度与模拟残余浊度相关系数达0.96,表明预测值与实际值相关性强,模型预测浊度去除率具有较高的可行性。采用5 mg/L混凝剂投加量,处理40.50 NTU与9 mg/L的TOC源水,获得响应面优化的混凝条件,残余浊度达到1.70 NTU。响应面优化获得最优条件:当在快速搅拌速度为347 r/min、快速搅拌时间为3 min、慢速搅拌速度为79 r/min、慢速搅拌时间为15 min的条件下,原水残余浊度为30.10 NTU,实测残余浊度为0.64 NTU,TOC去除率达到50.74%。[结论]基于响应面法优化混凝处理微污染源水具有较高的可应用性。     

An investigation on the effect of heat-moisture treatment on baking quality of wheat by using response surface methodology

Effect of heat-moisture treatment on quality properties of two bread wheats (cvs. Tosunbey and Bayraktar) were investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). Temperature and moisture conditions in the experimental design were in the range of 55–95 °C and 13–19%. Heat-moisture treated grains were milled into flour and quality properties were determined. The optimum moisture-temperature combination for the highest dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, Alveograph W and bread volume values were estimated as 14%-63 °C for Tosunbey and 19%-55 °C for Bayraktar samples. Alveograph W seems to be a good indicator of baking quality for wheats treated at higher temperatures. In order to describe the relationship between the dependent and independent variables (moisture, temperature), the response values were fitted by second order polynomial models. Significance analysis showed that the effect of both moisture and temperature on dry gluten content, sedimentation and falling number values for Tosunbey; falling number and damaged starch values for Bayraktar were significant (p < 0.05). The effect of temperature on Farinograph water absorption, W and P/G, bread volume and firmness values were significant for both cultivars (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that improvement in baking quality can be achieved and flours with different properties can be produced by heat-moisture treatments on wheat.     

黄土高原植被恢复过程中土壤表面电化学性质演变特征

土壤胶体表面所带电荷是土壤具有一系列物理、化学性质的根本原因。表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度、表面电场强度以及表面电位是土壤胶体颗粒重要性质,影响土壤中物理、化学、生物化学过程。运用带电颗粒表面性质联合分析法,测定黄土高原子午岭地区不同植被类型下土壤表面电荷性质,研究自然植被恢复过程对土壤表面电荷性质的影响。结果表明:随着植被的演替,子午岭林区土壤表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度均随植被的恢复增加,变化范围分别为10.88～19.85 cmol·kg~(–1)、40.67～61.71 m~2·g~(–1)和0.22～0.31 c·m~(–2),平均值分别为16.18 cmol·kg~(–1)、54.88 m2·g~(–1)和0.28 c·m~(–2),土壤表面电场强度达108 V·m~(–1)数量级;土壤黏粒、有机碳含量是影响表面电荷性质的主要因素,解释率分别为62.5%和27.9%;土壤基本性质对表面电荷性质的影响由强到弱依次为:黏粒、有机碳、砂粒、全氮、C/N、粉粒、碳酸钙、pH。研究结果对于进一步认识黄土高原土壤颗粒表面性质,加深理解土壤中发生的一系列物理化学过程具有重要意义。     

基于不同分析方法研究磷酸根在矿物表面吸附机制的进展

磷素是植物生长必需的营养元素,也是联系生态系统中生物与非生物作用的关键元素。对磷酸根在矿物表面吸附反应机制的深入认识,有助于了解其在陆地和水环境中的形态、迁移、转化和生物有效性。本文主要综述了磷酸根在常见(土壤)矿物表面吸附机制的研究进展。各种分析技术或方法,如OH–释放量分析、Zeta电位分析(电泳迁移率测试)、等温滴定量热法、原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、X射线吸收光谱、表面络合模型、量子化学计算等,均以不同方式揭示磷酸根在不同矿物体系的吸附机制。磷酸根在矿物(尤其是铁、铝氧化物)表面的吸附通常伴随着水基和羟基的交换。一般认为磷酸根在矿物表面主要形成双齿双核、单齿单核内圈络合物,且受pH的影响较大。pH以及磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附密度影响内圈络合物的质子化状态。在低pH、高磷浓度、较高反应温度、较长吸附时间,以及弱晶质矿物吸附等条件下矿物表面吸附的磷可在矿物表面转化形成含磷的表面沉淀,造成矿物溶解转化以及磷生物有效性的进一步降低。最后展望了磷酸盐在矿物-水界面吸附有关的研究热点和方向。