苦皮藤素微粉剂对玉米中玉米象种群的控制

苦皮藤素微粉剂1和微粉剂2以不同的浓度混入玉米中,当使用剂量为1000mg/kg时,对玉米象成虫的种群繁殖抑制率分别为96.66%和96.02%,能有效控制玉米象成虫的危害,但对幼虫和卵的控制效果不明显。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果研究

本试验比较了不同浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明:试验药剂35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂在水中分散性良好,700倍用药量(有效成分量为41.2 g/hm^2)防治桃小食心虫的速效性和持效性均良好,14 d后防效达到最大值,为99.1%。试验证明,氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂可用来防治果树桃小食心虫。     

Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

Development and promotion of laborsaving application technology for paddy herbicides in Japan

Total labor time on paddy rice has been decreasing year by year with the development and introduction of appropriate herbicides, especially ‘one‐shot' herbicides. However, in the case of application of granules, it is still difficult for a farmer to apply herbicides while carrying heavy power backpack sprayers. New formulation recipes and different application technology such as a throw‐in type formulation on jumbo granules or flowable has improved heavy workloads in comparison with granule application by using heavy power backpack sprayers. In addition, other advantageous points such as application volume and elimination of the drift problems of this new application technology were introduced and confirmed. As a result of this introduction, these formulations were used in 830 000 ha and reached 30% of the total treatment area in paddy rice in 2000.     

莲藕淀粉RVA谱特征和淀粉粒形态的研究

 对莲藕根状茎成熟期淀粉特性的研究结果表明: 4个品种表观直链淀粉含量(AAC) 从高到低依次为‘美人红’、‘鄂莲1号’、‘鄂莲4号’和‘武植2号’。根状茎中淀粉粒形态主要有近圆球形和长椭球形两种, 武植2号和鄂莲4号近圆球形淀粉粒明显多于鄂莲1号、美人红。武植2号和鄂莲4号的淀粉糊化特性相似, 其峰值粘度均较高, 冷胶粘度显著低于峰值粘度, 且回复值较小, 消减值为负值; 鄂莲1号和美人红的峰值粘度均较小, 冷胶粘度接近甚至大于峰值粘度, 回复值、消减值均显著大于武植2号和鄂莲4号。AAC与峰值粘度和崩解值呈极显著负相关, r分别为- 0.9748^**和- 0.9793^**, 与回复值、消减值呈极显著正相关, r分别为0.9860^**和0.9804^**, 与冷胶粘度、峰值时间、糊化温度呈显著正相关, r分别为0.9339^*、0.9392^*、0.9130^*。淀粉粒形态结构上的差异可能造成了淀粉糊化特性的差异。     

颗粒剂农药防治辣椒疫病的研究

选择了５种杀菌剂，将其制成具有缓释性能的颗粒剂，施在辣椒根茎基部防治辣椒疫病。室内接种试验，有４种颗粒剂施药７ｄ后防效１００％，２１ｄ后防效９５％以上。田间试验防效平均在８４％以上，连续３年田间应用，防效为８０％左右。     

硬骨鱼肥大细胞的研究进展

有关肥大细胞，在某些啮齿动物及人类中研究已比较深入，但在鱼类及其他低等脊椎动物中研究较少。硬骨鱼(teleostean fish)肥大细胞(MC)，常被称为嗜酸性颗粒细胞(EGC)，或肥大细胞／嗜酸性颗粒细胞(MC／EGC)，本文对有关研究进展作一综述并对硬骨鱼肥大细胞的发生、组织化学性质、细胞颗粒介质及其在鱼类健康与疾病中可能的功能意义等进行讨论，旨为深入研究鱼类重大疫病的发生机理提供基础依据。     

多种淀粉颗粒的扫描电镜下的形态分析

[目的]比较分析多种淀粉颗粒的扫描电镜下的形态.[方法]利用扫描电镜对部分天然保健功能类食用淀粉进行观察,根据不同种类淀粉在扫描电镜下特征的差别,分别对每一种淀粉颗粒在扫描电镜下的形态特征进行归纳,并进行比较分析.[结果]观察发现,几种市面上宣称有保健功能类的食用淀粉如百合淀粉、葛根淀粉、桄榔淀粉、绿豆淀粉及马蹄淀粉,它们的形态分别为扁平三角形、粘连多面体型、梨形、肾形及卵圆形,与价格较低廉的日常食用淀粉如红薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉、小麦淀粉和玉米淀粉的形态及大小仍是有所区别,在扫描电镜下观察能较直观地反映出差别.[结论]研究可为天然保健功能类食用淀粉的鉴别提供参考依据.     

杂交水稻主要亲本材料的垩白性状及其胚乳结构电镜扫描

【研究目的】针对杂交稻米品质问题，研究杂交稻亲本垩白形成与胚乳细胞形态结构和发育以及与淀粉粒之间的关系，为进一步研究杂交稻米高垩白形成机理奠定基础；【方法】对几个应用面积较大的杂交稻主要亲本和两个米质对照品种，按GB/T17891-1999方法调查其垩白性状，对其米粒胚乳结构和淀粉粒的采用扫描电镜观察分析；【结果】亲本材料间垩白性状差异首先表现在垩白率上，其次为垩白度，最后为垩白面积。高垩白的保持系和桂朝2号垩白主要发生在中、腹部，而相对低垩白的恢复系主要在中部，腹白少或无。垩白度与垩白率间存在明显的线性关系，与垩白面积无明显相关性。淀粉粒在米粒横断面上分布的均匀性与垩白率和垩白度有较大的相关性，分布越均匀则垩白率和垩白度越小；而长方柱状细胞层数和多少与垩白率和垩白度有一定的相关性但不明显。5个恢复系和3个保持系垩白米粒的背部淀粉粒普遍发育良好而中部较差；保持系与恢复系的差异主要表现在腹部淀粉粒的发育形态上。【结论】杂交稻保持系与恢复系的垩白发生部位有所差异，垩白形成与其淀粉粒的分布有重要关系；中、腹部淀粉粒发育异常容易产生垩白，主要受胚乳细胞生理发育规律的影响。     

Characterization of waxy grain sorghum lines in relation to granule-bound starch synthase

The waxy phenotype, associated with endosperm containing little or no amylose, has been recognized in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) since 1933. Although variants of the waxy gene are well characterized in other cereals, the waxy trait has been assumed to be controlled by a single allele, wx, in sorghum. Recent improvements in technologies encourage re-examination of the waxy sorghums. The objectives of this research were therefore to identify and characterize sorghum lines with differing waxy alleles and to describe the actions of those alleles in crosses. Grain of eight waxy sorghum lines (BTxARG1, BTx630, Tx2907, B.9307, 94C274, 94C278, 94C289, 94C369), three wild-type checks (BWheatland, RTx430, BN122), and F₂ families from crosses among a subset of these lines were evaluated for presence or absence of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), the gene product of the wx locus, and wild-type vs. waxy endosperm. The F₂ segregation ratios were tested for fit to a 3:1 ratio using Chi-square analyses. Two distinctly different naturally occurring waxy alleles were identified: One with no GBSS (GBSS−), and one with apparently inactive GBSS present (GBSS+). We propose that the waxy allele with no GBSS be designated wx^a, and that waxy allele with apparently inactive GBSS present be designated wx^b. These two alleles are located in close proximity on the waxy locus. The wx^b allele is dominant to the wx^a allele in terms of GBSS production, and both are recessive to the wild-type Wx in terms of amylose content. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.