Gut ecology, feed digestion and performance in weaned piglets fed liquid diets

Gut environment and microflora, digestibility, and performance were studied in weaned piglets in Central Vietnam fed a dry control diet (CO), a naturally fermented liquid diet (FE), and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue (RDR). Digesta samples were collected at the start (day 0) and at the end of experiment (day 42). Diet FE had a lower pH than diet RDR, contained more organic acids, had the lowest counts of E. coli and total coliforms (P < 0.05), and the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0.05). Piglets fed diets FE and RDR had lower pH (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of organic acids in the stomach, ileum and mid-colon (P < 0.05) than piglets fed diet CO. Counts of LAB in stomach and ileum were higher in animals fed diets FE and RDR than CO (P < 0.05), while the number of E. coli and total coliforms along the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The ileal digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was improved in piglets fed diet RDR (P < 0.05) compared with piglets fed diet CO. Piglets fed diet RDR had a higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and a better feed utilization (P < 0.05) than piglets fed the other diets. The present findings support the contention that fermented diets and/or fermented feedstuffs can be used for dietary manipulation to improve gut health and animal performance.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil for lactating sows and weaned piglets on piglet Th polarization

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on piglet T helper cells (Th) polarization in relation to its impact on piglet serum interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) concentrations and splenic expression of Th1/Th2 characteristic genes. The diets of 18 gestating sows were supplemented with 7% lard (C) (n = 10) or 7% fish oil (T) (n = 8) from 10 d before parturition to weaning. At weaning, a split plot experiment was designed, 56 piglets, 28 each from sows fed with fish oil diet or lard diet, were divided into four groups of 7 replicates (one female and one castrated male per replicate) based on both sow diet during lactation and post-weaning piglet diet (C had 7% lard and T had 7% fish oil): CC, CT, TC, TT, and were fed the 7% fish oil or lard diet from day 35 to day 70. Serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10, and Th1/Th2 related genes expression levels in spleen were measured and analyzed. The results showed that piglets fed with fish oil diet during post-weaning tended to have higher serum IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio (P = 0.09) than lard diet fed piglets. Lactation fish oil feeding increased splenic IL-12b, IL-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2), IL-2 and IFN-γ genes expression (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and post-weaning fish oil feeding increased splenic IL-12b (P = 0.06), IL-2 (P < 0.01) and IFN-γ (P = 0.08) mRNA expression than that in lard diet fed piglets at the end of this experiment. On the other hand, IL-4 gene expression (P = 0.01) in spleen was lower in weaned piglet from fish oil diet fed sows than that from lard diet fed sows. However, post-weaning piglets fed fish oil diet had higher splenic IL-4 (P = 0.06), IL-6 (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P = 0.05) mRNA abundances than that fed with lard diet. These results indicated that dietary fish oil during lactation could increase Th1 polarization and accelerate immune maturation; while 7% fish oil in weaned piglets' diet was likely to increase Th2 cytokines expression.     

Dietary selection for lysine by piglets at differing feeding regimen

The aim of the present study was to investigate preferences of piglets for diets varying in lysine (Lys) concentration and whether those preferences are influenced by changing position of diets on offer in feeders. For this purpose, a feeding trial was carried out over a period of 5 weeks. Piglets (equal proportions of barrows and gilts) with an initial BW of 7.4 ± 0.9 kg were randomly subdivided into four groups of 12 pigs each and were housed in single pens. Two reference groups were fed diets containing either 0.7% Lys (low-Lys group) or 1.0% Lys (high-Lys group). Two other groups had the choice from two diets containing 0.7 or 1.0% Lys offered simultaneously in identical feeders. For animals of one of these choice groups (Lys-choice 1 group) the position of diets in the feeders remained unchanged throughout the experimental period, but for animals of a second choice group (Lys-choice 2 group) position of the diets on offer in the feeders was changed two times a week.Average daily feed intake and daily gain were greatly (p < 0.05) decreased in animals of the low-Lys group compared to other treatments, and feed to gain ratio was increased. Performance of animals in Lys-choice 1 group was numerically decreased compared to animals of Lys-choice 2 group. Chosen diets of Lys-choice groups 1 and 2 contained on average 31 and 19% feed with 0.7% Lys, respectively. Resulting Lys contents of total diets were 0.94 and 0.98% for Lys-choice groups 1 and 2, respectively, as a mean of the experiment. In week 1 animals of both Lys-choice groups met approximately 50% of total feed intake by consumption of the 0.7% Lys diet. Animals of Lys-choice 1 group lowered this portion to 20% in the last experimental week and animals of Lys-choice group 2 to 11%. Preference for the 1.0% Lys diet was evident (p < 0.05) from week 3 to 5 in Lys-choice 1 group and from week 2 to 5 in Lys-choice 2 group.Piglets are able to distinguish between diets differing in Lys content and to prefer a better balanced diet over a Lys-deficient one. Changing the position of the diets on offer in the feeders two times a week does not impair the ability to select for a diet more adequate in Lys concentration, but led in contrary to a slightly higher preference for Lys.     

凉山规模化猪场仔猪猪瘟免疫程序的制定

本试验通过研究免疫状况良好的母猪群所产仔猪获得母源抗体的方式,仔猪体内母源抗体的持续时间,仔猪不同免疫程序的免疫效果等,从而制定出仔猪猪瘟的最佳免疫程序。     

新生仔猪赖氨酸的需要量研究

本试验旨在研究不同日粮赖氨酸水平对新生仔猪生长性能、氮利用及体沉积的影响,探讨新生仔猪赖氨酸的需要量.选取4日龄、平均体重为(1-90±0.05)kg的杜×长×大三元杂新生仔猪46头,其中40头按窝别和体重分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头猪,另外6头在试验开始时屠宰,测定体成分;各组日粮赖氨酸水平分别为1.27%(对照组)、1.37%、1.47%、1.57%及1.67%,饲养至21日龄.结果表明:1)1.47%～1.67%组仔猪21日龄体重、15～21日龄及4～21日龄平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),以1.57%组平均日增重最大.1.57%组和1.67%组在15～21日龄及4～21日龄的平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05).1.37%～1.67%组的仔猪料重比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).2)1.47%～1.67%组仔猪氮的生物学价值显著高于1.27%～1.37%组(P<0.05).3)日粮赖氨酸水平未显著影响能量和脂肪沉积(P>0.05);随日粮赖氨酸水平的提高,蛋白质的每日沉积量增加,147%~1.67%组显著高于1.27%～1.37%组(P<0.05),以1.67%组最大.综合各项测定指标得出,4～21日龄仔猪日粮赖氨酸适宜水平为1.57%,即赖氨酸含量为73.1 g/kg CP或0.85 g/MJ DE;仔猪每日赖氨酸需要量为2.43 g/d.     

不同寡糖对仔猪免疫力和生产性能的影响研究

[目的]研究不同种类寡糖对仔猪免疫力和生产性能的影响。[方法]选择75头7日龄二元杂交仔猪（大约克夏×荣昌猪）,随机分为5组,每组15头。分别在每组基础日粮中添加7.5g/kg的异麦芽寡糖、果寡糖、甘露寡糖和混合寡糖,同时设对照组。试验期为53d。在试验过程中,观察临床症状和腹泻情况,每周称重,并记录采食量。饲喂至30日龄和60日龄时,前腔静脉采血,测定免疫指标。[结果]添加7.5g/kg的异麦芽寡糖或果寡糖能显著提高30日龄仔猪的细胞免疫功能（P〈0.05）,前者还能显著提高体液免疫功能;添加7.5g/kg的甘露寡糖能显著提高60日龄仔猪的细胞和体液免疫功能（P〈0.05）,对仔猪生产性能的促进效果最好,且腹泻率最低。[结论]不同种类寡糖对仔猪免疫力和生产性能的影响存在差异。     

Inflammation-associated responses in piglets induced with post-weaning colibacillosis are influenced by dietary protein level

Forty piglets (average body weight = 5.32 kg) were used to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) content on immunological responses following a challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88. Pigs, housed 4 per pen, were randomly allotted to 2 diets: 1) a high, 225 g/kg CP diet (HCP) or 2) a low, 176 g/kg CP diet (LCP) supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Pigs were orally challenged with 6 mL of an ETEC K88 suspension containing 10¹⁰ cfu/mL on d 8 after weaning. Blood samples were collected from 10 pigs (1 pig/pen) on d 7 (at weaning), −24 h, 8 h, 72 h and 7 d after the challenge for determination of plasma urea N (PUN) and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and haptoglobin (Hp). Tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β and Hp were measured as indicators of inflammatory responses. The concentrations of serum TNF-α at 8 h, 72 h and 7 d after challenge were similar to the level observed at 24 h before challenge but higher (P < 0.05) than the weaning level. Pigs fed the LCP diet had lower (P = 0.032) concentrations of IL-1β (72 vs. 116 pg/mL) at 8 h post-challenge compared with those fed the HCP diet. Likewise, pigs fed the LCP diet tended to have lower (P = 0.088) concentration of Hp (9 vs. 25 mg/dL) compared with those fed the HCP diet at 8 h post-challenge. Compared with the weaning concentration, PUN concentration at 72 h after ETEC challenge was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the HCP diet. The results indicate that the LCP diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids reduced inflammatory responses, as indicated by serum IL-1β, in piglets infected with ETEC K88.     

玉米中霉菌毒素对仔猪疫苗免疫应答的影响（摘要）

[目的]研究霉变的玉米中的毒素对仔猪免疫应答的影响。[方法]使用ELISA方法测定了霉变玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A的含量;将霉变玉米饲喂仔猪,并测定仔猪血清中相应的抗体效价。[结果]试验组抗体水平明显低于对照组,免疫器官的组织切片也表明霉菌毒素可以明显抑制仔猪的免疫应答反应。[结论]玉米霉菌毒素对仔猪内脏器官和免疫应答具有重要影响。     

中药添加剂对断奶仔猪免疫力及抗寄生虫感染的影响

为筛选替代抗生素、维护仔猪健康的中草药添加剂,将党参等21味中药按一定比例混匀,经粉碎研磨处理后按照断奶仔猪基础日粮的1.5%加入其中,30 d为1个疗程。试验结果显示:中药添加剂使用2个疗程后,可显著改善断奶仔猪的淋巴细胞转化率(P<0.05);1个疗程后,试验组的猪瘟和蓝耳病抗体检测合格率比对照组均提高了3%(P>0.05),2个疗程后试验组合格率比对照组分别提高了17%(P<0.05)和19%(P<0.05);粪便虫卵计数结果显示,用药1个疗程后试验组的减卵率为1%(P>0.05),2个疗程后试验组的减卵率为47%(P<0.05)。中草药添加剂具有一定的增强机体免疫力及抑制寄生虫卵的作用。     

在不同有效磷日粮中添加植酸酶对仔猪生产性能的影响

将体重相近的60头15kg左右的杜长大仔猪分为5个处理（对照组、AP降低0．1％、AP降低0．12％、AP降低0．1％＋酶、AP降低0．12％＋酶），每个处理3个重复，每重复4头仔猪。研究结果表明：曰粮有效磷水平和植酸酶对仔猪生长、料重比都有显著的影响（P〈0．05），与对照组相比，当日粮有效磷水平降低0．1％，仔猪体重、日增重会显著降低，而料重比显著上升；当有效磷降低0．1％添加植酸酶时，仔猪体重、日增重会显著增加，而料重比显著下降；当日粮有效磷降低0．12％时，不论加酶与否，其体重、日增重都会显著下降，而料重比会显著增加。