Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

断裂错动与水作用下的地层位移及应力变化

[目的]在断裂活动和地下水位变化条件下,对地裂缝上下盘地层的沉降位移与应力变化进行分析,为深入研究地裂缝的形成机理提供参考。[方法]以北京市高丽营地区地裂缝为研究背景原型,基于其活动特征,分析了该地裂缝的发育与断裂构造及地下水水位变化之间的关系,并运用数值模拟方法分别研究了两种诱因作用下模型地层的沉降位移及土体内部应力的变化规律。[结果]断裂错动作用下,地裂缝上盘土层的沉降变形响应程度大于下盘,地表竖向位移变化曲线近似呈反"S"形态,且上盘应力降低区的范围大于下盘应力增强区的范围;地层沉降量随地下水位的下降而不断增加,其土体应力变化曲线呈"中心对称"。[结论]断裂两侧附近的土体沉降位移和应力变化的差异较明显,且差异沉降与水位降深呈正相关,地下水位下降易诱发地裂缝的影响范围是上盘45m和下盘35m,研究成果可为地裂缝灾害地区的防灾减灾提供科学的理论依据。     

滑县花生新黑地蛛蚧的发生与防治技术

花生新黑地蛛蚧是近年来滑县花生田新发现的一种地下害虫，对花生造成危害，影响花生的 品质和产量。本文主要介绍新黑地蛛蚧的形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、为害症状及防治措施。     

Design of a spatial sampling scheme considering the spatial autocorrelation of crop acreage included in the sampling units

Information on crop acreage is important for formulating national food polices and economic planning.Spatial sampling,a combination of traditional sampling methods and remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)technology,provides an efficient way to estimate crop acreage at the regional scale.Traditional sampling methods require that the sampling units should be independent of each other,but in practice there is often spatial autocorrelation among crop acreage contained in the sampling units.In this study,using Dehui County in Jilin Province,China,as the study area,we used a thematic crop map derived from Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre(SPOT-5)imagery,cultivated land plots and digital elevation model data to explore the spatial autocorrelation characteristics among maize and rice acreage included in sampling units of different sizes,and analyzed the effects of different stratification criteria on the level of spatial autocorrelation of the two crop acreages within the sampling units.Moran’s I,a global spatial autocorrelation index,was used to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages in this study.The results showed that although the spatial autocorrelation level among maize and rice acreages within the sampling units generally decreased with increasing sampling unit size,there was still a significant spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units(Moran’s I varied from 0.49 to 0.89),irrespective of the sampling unit size.When the sampling unit size was less than3 000 m,the stratification design that used crop planting intensity(CPI)as the stratification criterion,with a stratum number of 5 and a stratum interval of 20%decreased the spatial autocorrelation level to almost zero for the maize and rice area included in sampling units within each stratum.Therefore,the traditional sampling methods can be used to estimate the two crop acreages.Compared with CPI,there was still a strong spatial correlation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units belonging to each stratum when cultivated land fragmentation and ground slope were used as stratification criterion.As far as the selection of stratification criteria and sampling unit size is concerned,this study provides a basis for formulating a reasonable spatial sampling scheme to estimate crop acreage.     

基于多光谱与统计数据的凤台县地理国情分析方法探讨

地理国情是重要的基本国情,对服务经济社会发展有着重要的意义。利用安徽省凤台县凤凰镇多光谱影像数据和安徽省第一次地理国情普查数据库,以2012年1:50 000更新数据为参照,从凤凰镇地表覆盖概况和变化情况角度分析该地区的城镇扩张变化程度与趋势,深层次地研究其内在驱动力因素并提出相应的措施。结果表明,2期数据的地表覆盖中耕地面积占比最大;地表覆盖变化面积居中,减小面积较大的是耕地和草地,增加面积较大的是房屋、道路和建筑用地;地表覆盖净增面积中,耕地、林地和水域面积有所减少,园地、草地、建筑区和道路等要素面积均有增加。总体来说,凤凰镇2012—2015年间主要地类变化为耕地转向建设用地,造成其根本驱动力表现在经济因素和人口因素。     

Role of effective microorganisms in efficacy of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide on suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato plants

The release of active ingredient chemicals in conventional organic amendments is primarily through microbial degradation, whereas in granular phytonematicides, leaching through irrigation water had been implied as a probable mechanism. The objective of this study was to determine the role of effective microorganisms (EM) on the efficacy of Nemarioc-AG (NAG; G?=?granular formulation) phytonematicide on suppression of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. A 5?×?6 factorial experiment, with EM at 0%, 0.14%, 0.17%, 0.20% and 0.25% and phytonematicide at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15?g per plant, was conducted under microplot conditions. Each plant was inoculated with 11,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. Seventy days after initiating the treatments, the interactions were not significant (P?≥?.05) on all variables, but the main factors were highly significant. Regression of nematode population densities, root gall and dry shoot mass over increasing phytonematicide concentration exhibited quadratic relations, which were explained by 93%, 97% and 99%, respectively. In contrast, stem diameter and phytonematicide concentration had a positive linear relation, which was explained by 98%. Nematode numbers over increasing EM concentration exhibited quadratic relation, which was explained by 97%. All plant variables and EM had no significant relations. In conclusion, the efficacy of NAG phytonematicide on nematode suppression and plant growth was independent of EM activities, suggesting that irrigation water played a major role in the efficacy of the product in granular formulation.     

Impact of land‐use intensity on the relationships between vegetation indices,photosynthesis and biomass of intensively and extensively managed grassland fens

Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non‐destructive estimation of biomass and photosynthesis, but there have been few validation studies of the underlying relationships. To test their applicability on temperate fens and the impact of management intensity, we investigated the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), brown and green above‐ground biomass and photosynthesis potential (PP). Only the linear relationship between NDVI and PP was management independent (R² = 0·53). LAI to PP was described by a site‐specific and negative logarithmic function (R² = 0·07–0·68). The hyperbolic relationship of LAI versus NDVI showed a high residual standard error (s.e.) of 1·71–1·84 and differed between extensive and intensive meadows. Biomass and LAI correlated poorly (R² = 0·30), with high species‐specific variability. Intensive meadows had a higher ratio of LAI to biomass than extensive grasslands. The fraction of green to total biomass versus NDVI showed considerable noise (s.e. = 0·13). These relationships were relatively weak compared with results from other ecosystems. A likely explanation could be the high amount of standing litter, which was unevenly distributed within the vegetation canopy depending on the season and on the timing of cutting events. Our results show there is high uncertainty in the application of the relationships on temperate fen meadows. For reliable estimations, management intensity needs to be taken into account and several direct measurements throughout the year are required for site‐specific correction of the relationships, especially under extensive management. Using NDVI instead of LAI could reduce uncertainty in photosynthesis models.     

Effects of selective cutting and timing of herbicide application on growth and development of Cirsium arvense in spring barley

Recently, a new implement for controlling weeds in cereals (CombCut) has been developed. It cuts weeds in growing cereals without damaging them by using the physical differences (in height, stem thickness, straw stiffness and branching pattern) between crops and weeds. To evaluate and compare the effects of selective cutting with different timings of herbicide application on Cirsium arvense in spring barley, a randomised block experiment was conducted in Sweden in 2015–2017, in a field with a naturally occurring C. arvense population. Treatments consisted of control (C), herbicide application at 4–5‐leaf stage of C. arvense (H1), herbicide application at 8–10‐leaf stage (H2) and selective cutting at 10‐leaf stage (S). The treatments were performed in 2015 and repeated in 2016 in the same plots, and a final evaluation was performed in 2017. Compared to the control, S, H1 and H2 were equally efficient in reducing above‐ground biomass production of C. arvense and increasing spring barley grain yield per unit area. The number of C. arvense shoots per area was, however, higher in S compared to H1 and H2. No differences in control effects on shoot number were observed between H1 and H2. Our study indicates that (i) selective cutting (S) reduces C. arvense equally efficient as herbicide application and (ii) early herbicide spraying is as efficient as spraying later in the season.     

严格意义的无霜期统计方法探讨

根据霜冻和无霜期对农作物生长的影响及农业气候区划的指导意义,比较无霜期与严格意义上的“无冻期”的关系和区别,分析霜冻出现的初、终日与霜、结冰现象及气温、地面温度、草面温度≤0℃出现的初日、终日之间的关系,探讨“无霜冻期”的合理统计方法,并通过对鄂东地区的麻城、浠水、黄石三地的无霜期和“无冻期”的统计,总结两者的差异和特征,从而为正确理解和统计无霜冻期,提出一套新的观点和方法,为指导农业生产和农业气候区划提供依据。