新型农业经营主体开展农产品电子商务的现状及问题探析

文章首先对家庭农场（专业大户）、农民专业合作社以及农业产业化龙头企业等新型农业经营主体开展农产品电子商务现状进行梳理,归纳总结了各类主体开展农产品电子商务的特点以及采用的电子商务模式。其次,从客观条件和主观意识2个方面,分析了制约新型农业经营主体开展农产品电子商务的关键因素。最后,从政府管理层面和新型农业经营主体层面分别提出了促进农产品电子商务采纳的对策建议,即在政府管理层面,要从人才培养、智慧物流、精准施政、第三方服务等方面扫清障碍;在新型农业经营主体层面,提倡品牌定位精准化、生产流程标准化、生产过程可视化、营销模式多元化、产品包装规格化,充分发挥新型农业经营主体在推动农产品电子商务发展和农业现代化建设中的示范引领作用。     

一流本科专业建设背景下科教融合型教师基层组织的构建与实践

在一流本科专业建设的背景下,立足国家对高素质本科人才的迫切需求,细致分析当前我国高校师资队伍基层组织建设过程中要克服的主要问题,在高校“二级学院”层面上,通过科研团队和教学团队结合,增强高校本科教学的组织规范性。以南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院农业资源与环境本科专业为例,研究和构建教学和科研相结合的新型基层组织体系,实现高校人才培养和科技创新的“双赢”。     

强化型EM菌剂对金针菇菌糠堆肥的影响

为提高EM菌剂在菌糠堆肥中的应用效果,加速腐熟进程,改善堆肥质量,采用纤维素酶与木聚糖酶高产菌株黑曲霉SNH-7、蛋白酶高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌SNK-103与EM菌剂进行复配,研制强化型EM菌剂,并研究其对菌糠堆肥的影响。结果表明：与普通EM菌剂相比,接种强化型EM菌剂的处理堆肥过程中微生物代谢更加旺盛,温度、pH、EC值、总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、C/N、腐植酸和黄腐酸含量等理化指标的升高或降低幅度更大,腐熟进程加快;成品堆肥的GI提高,C/N降低,总氮、硝态氮、总腐植酸和游离腐植酸的含量升高,生物安全性更好、肥效更高。说明在EM菌剂中补充纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和蛋白酶高产菌株,可强化其对纤维素、木质素和蛋白质的降解能力,在无辅料、高C/N、低pH的不利条件下,添加该菌剂能加速堆肥进程,提高堆肥质量。     

基于酶抑制法的自助式农药残留检测平台建立

以金华火腿骨为研究对象，研究不同提取方法对其呈味物质释放的影响。通过感官评价及可溶性糖、有机酸、5''-核苷酸和游离氨基酸的测定分析不同处理组间样品的差异，同时采用偏最小二乘回归法（partial least squares regression，PLSR）对提取物感官和呈味物质间进行相关性分析。感官评价发现，高压蒸煮的样品的鲜味、咸味和可接受度最高，其协同滋味的综合评分最佳；呈味物质分析发现，原液中所有呈味物质含量都最低，高压-复配酶解处理的样品中可溶性糖总量最高，高达132.68 mg/100 g；经过酶解处理样品有机酸含量显著增加（P<0.05），达到3 733.32 mg/100 g；样品经不同处理后，5''-核苷酸含量呈现显著性增加（P<0.05），总含量最高的是经过高压蒸煮处理的样品，质量分数高达1.24 mg/100 g，是原液和其他处理组样品的2.38～12.4倍；与样品原液相比，游离氨基酸总量都显著增加（P<0.05），高压蒸煮处理的样品中含量最高，总质量分数为642.44 mg/100 g。借助偏最小二乘回归方法对样品的感官属性及呈味成分进行相关性分析，发现样品间具有显著性差异（P<0.05），不同的处理方式所释放的呈味物质分布规律显著不同，高压蒸煮的样品与咸味和鲜味具有显著相关性（P<0.05）；酶解处理的样品与酸味和甜味有较强相关性，其他组样品与感官与呈味属性相关性不强。结论：不同处理方式的金华火腿骨具有不同的风味，其风味特征与多种物质有关，该研究结果为火腿骨的深度开发提供了理论指导，提高金华火腿骨的附加值。     

鸡细菌性腹泻防治

我国从古至今都是农业大国,在经济体制改革的推动下,我国工业发展迅猛的情况下,农业依旧是我国的产业支柱,对促进我国经济发展有极大帮助。养殖业是农业的重要部分,而养殖业中,鸡养殖有占据极大比例,且其规模也在不断扩大。近年,鸡的一些疾病发病率逐渐增加,其中细菌性腹泻是常见的1种,会影响鸡群身体健康与生长发育,甚至会导致其死亡,危害极大,给养殖户乃至养殖产业造成极大的经济损失,做好鸡细菌性腹泻预防与治疗工作尤为重要。该文对鸡细菌性腹泻的特点进行探讨,并提出一些防治措施。     

农村污水治理PPP项目风险因素分析--基于ISM-MICMAC模型

当前我国在探索将PPP模式应用于农村污水治理领域时面临诸多挑战,准确识别与分析项目风险因素具有实际意义。基于全寿命周期视角,采用文献研究与德尔菲法识别出农村污水治理PPP项目面临的21个风险因素,运用解释结构模型(ISM)与交叉影响矩阵相乘法(MICMAC)构建了风险因素的六级层次结构模型并分类,以揭示了风险因素间的内在联系,并提出政策建议。研究表明,项目缔约与运营阶段是关键阶段,合作单位选择是最根本的风险因素。此研究可为我国农村污水治理PPP项目风险分担与控制研究提供新思路,同时为政府部门提供投资决策与风险管理的依据。     

Clostridium bifermentans and C. subterminale are associated with kiwifruit vine decline,known as moria,in Italy

Since 2012, a new pathogenic syndrome has frequently been observed in many areas of kiwifruit cultivation in Italy. The main symptoms include an initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plants, mainly occurring during summer. The withered leaves fall and the main and secondary feeder roots appear rotten, sometimes showing a reddish-brown discoloration. The disease, that affects both the green and yellow-fleshed cultivars, has been called kiwifruit vine decline and is locally known as moria. The syndrome has been found consistently associated with soil waterlogging, which frequently occurs either after the traditional agronomical practice of irrigating orchards through surface irrigation or after very heavy rainfall. So far, the role played by bacteria in this syndrome has not been investigated. In the present study, Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soils obtained from Italian kiwifruit orchards affected by the syndrome, indicating for the first time that anaerobic bacteria are able to cause damage to woody crops. C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests. Soil waterlogging seems to potentially favour colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteria, probably because saturation of the soil can facilitate proliferation and persistence of these bacteria during long periods of the vegetative growth of the crop. The occurrence of anaerobic bacteria does not exclude the possibility that other microorganisms can play additional/synergic role(s) in causing the kiwifruit vine decline.     

油浴热处理对竹材干缩性和力学性能的影响

为了探明竹材独特结构和油浴热处理对竹材干缩性和力学性能的协同影响，本研究以机油为导热介质对毛竹进行油浴热处理，分析了不同热处理温度（150、180、210℃）和不同处理时间（1、3、5 h）条件下竹材干缩性及力学性能的变化情况。结果表明：经过热处理后，竹材含水率和横向干缩率均有下降，表明高温热处理克服了竹材亲水性强和干缩性差的缺点。但是经过热处理后，竹材的力学性能总体呈下降趋势。在同样的热处理条件下，带青带黄竹材的物理力学性能均高于去青去黄竹材，说明保留竹材的竹青竹黄对热处理十分有利，且同时能提高竹材的利用率。     

采后UV-C处理对树莓贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以"September"树莓果实为材料,采用0.43、2.15、4.3和6.45 kJ/m2的UV-C进行辐照处理,并在4℃下贮藏,通过测定贮藏期间果实腐烂指数、失重率、可溶性固形物含量、总酚含量和抗氧化能力,研究UV-C处理对树莓果实保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,UV-C处理能够显著抑制果实腐烂指数、失重率的上升,减缓果实可溶性固形物含量、总酚含量的下降,增强果实的抗氧化能力,维持果实较好的品质。在4个UV-C处理剂量中,4.3 kJ/m2UV-C处理组果实的腐烂指数、失重率最低,可溶性固形物含量和总酚含量最高,抗氧化能力最强。适宜剂量的UV-C处理(4.3 kJ/m2)能维持树莓果实采后品质,增强抗性,延缓衰老。     

Population dynamics of the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida,in relation to temperature,potato cultivar and nematicide application

The impact of increasing temperatures on the population dynamics of the soil-dwelling nematode Globodera pallida, a persistent and economically important pest of potatoes, was investigated. The reproductive factor (final population⁄initial population) and length of life cycle were found to be temperature sensitive. Pot experiments performed over 4 months allowed comparison of the effect on development of G. pallida of two temperature regimes: an average temperature comparable to current field conditions (14.3 °C) and an average temperature above current field conditions (17.3 °C). A larger second generation of juveniles was observed at 17.3 °C compared to 14.3 °C. Multiplication of G. pallida at field sites in Shropshire and East Lothian (average soil temperatures of 15.5 and 14.1 °C, respectively, during potato cropping) was also examined. A quantitative PCR assay and visual examination of roots were used to monitor the dynamics of the G. pallida populations in both field sites at 4-weekly intervals. Four cultivars, Desirée, Cara, Maris Piper and Estima, were grown with and without nematicide treatments. Nematicide treatments suppressed population increases at both sites. Females were observed on the roots of cvs Cara and Desirée at the end of the growing season in Shropshire, but not at East Lothian, and are likely to represent a second generation.