陕西省小麦不同部位镰刀菌分离鉴定及毒素化学型分析

为明确陕西省小麦不同部位镰刀菌种群结构及其毒素化学型，于2022年小麦灌浆期分别从陕西省渭南市、宝鸡市、咸阳市、西安市采集小麦穗部、茎秆以及茎基部具有明显病状的样品，采用单孢分离法获得镰刀菌菌株，并使用分子生物学鉴定其种群结构及毒素化学型。结果表明，从采集的样本中共分离到156株镰刀菌菌株，其中发生在穗部的赤霉病以及发生在茎秆的秆腐病的优势病原菌均为禾谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum），主要以15-ADON化学型为主；发生在茎基部的茎基腐病的优势病原菌为假禾谷镰刀菌（F.pseudograminearum），其15-ADON和3-ADON化学型占比差异不大；未检测到NIV毒素化学型的镰刀菌。以上结果说明，小麦不同部位对镰刀菌毒素化学型可能不存在选择性，小麦茎基部与穗部和茎秆的镰刀菌毒素化学型不同，原因可能是由优势病原菌不同造成的。     

AFLA-maize,a mechanistic model for Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize

A mechanistic weather-driven model was developed based on the infection cycle of Aspergillus flavus on maize to predict the risk of aflatoxin contamination in field on a daily basis from silk emergence to harvest; hourly data of temperature, relative humidity and rain were used as model input. The work was done in four steps: (i) development of the model prototype; (ii) collection of Italian field data on aflatoxin contamination in maize with related crop and weather data; (iii) development of a probability index to exceed the legal limit of 5 μg of aflatoxin B₁ per kg of unprocessed maize by combining model predictions and field data in a logistic regression; and (iv) validation with Italian data of the probability index and release of the predictive model, named AFLA-maize. Predictions of maize contamination above the threshold of 5 μg/kg in the data set used for parameterization of the regression equation were correct for 73% of field samples; 59% and 14%, respectively, were not contaminated and contaminated. In a second independent data set, 68% of samples were correctly predicted. The model AFLA-maize provides prediction of A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination along the growing season and at harvest. This information is useful to support decision-making for (i) crop management, (ii) harvest timing, (iii) maize lots cleaning and logistic, and (iv) maize sampling for aflatoxin analysis at consignment.     

奶牛养殖中霉菌毒素的危害及其防控方法研究进展

近年来,霉菌毒素污染饲料已经引起饲料行业的高度重视。奶牛采食被霉菌毒素污染的饲料后很容易引发各种疾病,有些霉菌毒素还会代谢进入牛奶中对人们的健康造成威胁。本文主要就霉菌毒素对奶牛的危害及其防控方法的研究进行综述,以期为生产实践中降低霉菌毒素的危害提供理论参考。     

山东省玉米真菌毒素风险排序研究

连续两年对山东省主产区的玉米进行采样和主要真菌毒素的测定,采用期望值排序法对真菌毒素进行排序。以毒性(致癌性)和毒效用以判定真菌毒素危害的严重性,用风险控制程度、检出率和残留水平判定真菌毒素风险发生的可能性。风险排序结果表明,山东省玉米生产过程中必须关注的真菌毒素为黄曲霉毒素B_1,重点关注的为黄曲霉毒素B_2、G_1,AFG_2为一般关注指标,FB_S、DON、ZEN为暂不关注指标。山东省玉米真菌毒素污染水平处于低风险水平。     

玉米中霉菌毒素对仔猪疫苗免疫应答的影响（摘要）

[目的]研究霉变的玉米中的毒素对仔猪免疫应答的影响。[方法]使用ELISA方法测定了霉变玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A的含量;将霉变玉米饲喂仔猪,并测定仔猪血清中相应的抗体效价。[结果]试验组抗体水平明显低于对照组,免疫器官的组织切片也表明霉菌毒素可以明显抑制仔猪的免疫应答反应。[结论]玉米霉菌毒素对仔猪内脏器官和免疫应答具有重要影响。     

贮藏时间对饲用燕麦种子寄藏真菌及真菌毒素的影响

为明确贮藏时间对饲用燕麦种子中寄藏真菌和真菌毒素的影响，本研究通过平板培养法、形态学观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析法，对3个燕麦（Avena sativa）品种种子携带的真菌进行了分离鉴定；通过高效液相色谱质谱联用法对优势菌属产生的毒性较强的3种真菌毒素细交链孢酮酸（TeA）、黄曲霉毒素B₁（AFB₁）和桔青霉素（CIT）进行了检测和分析。结果表明：饲用燕麦种子的带菌量随贮藏时间的增加总体呈降低趋势。从供试材料中共检出真菌16属34种，优势属为链格孢菌属、曲霉菌属和青霉菌属；带菌种类和分离率随贮藏年限的变化差异显著，不同品种的带菌情况也差异显著；3种真菌毒素随贮藏年限的延长基本呈先升后降的趋势，贮藏年限和品种间的互作对毒素含量的影响最大。综上，贮藏时间对饲用燕麦种子的带菌情况和真菌毒素检出量影响显著。     

Aflatoxin in maize,a multifaceted answer of Aspergillus flavus governed by weather,host-plant and competitor fungi

Aspergillus section Flavi is able to produce aflatoxins (AFs) in vitro down to 0.85 a_w with a potential maximum occurring between 0.95 and 0.99 a_w, while in the field AFs increased significantly with kernel humidity below 0.95 a_w. In order to clarify this apparent discrepancy, a 3-year field trial with artificial inoculation of maize ears with Aspergillus flavus strains was organised. The co-occurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi and Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (Gfsc) was observed. The incidence of A. flavus was significantly influenced by the year and negatively related to Gfsc incidence. In 2012, when the highest temperature and the lowest rain were registered, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) content was the highest and a_w < 0.95 in kernels was measured early throughout the growing season. In 2013 and 2014, the temperature was lower and rain more abundant, and a_w decreased below 0.95 only close to harvest and AFB₁ contamination was limited. The possibility of describing/predicting reasonably well a_w dynamic based on temperature, (degree day) was confirmed. With a_w > 0.95, a positive correlation between AFB₁ production rate and a_w was found, but a negative correlation resulted with a_w < 0.95. Other factors than a_w play a role, but a_w = 0.95 should be considered as an indicator of suitable conditions for rapid aflatoxin accumulation.     

小麦和玉米籽粒赤霉菌产毒类型的PCR检测

为了建立一种准确、快速鉴定赤霉菌毒素的方法,根据赤霉菌毒素生物合成调控路径T ri5-T ri6基因保守序列,设计了一对通用引物,用于检测和鉴别产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(N IV)毒素的赤霉菌特异DNA片断。结果表明,产生毒素DON的赤霉菌具有一个300 bp的特异DNA片断,而产生毒素N IV的则为360 bp。PCR检测与HPLC或GC/M S化学分析结果完全一致。利用这一方法分析检测了小麦、玉米籽粒中赤霉菌产毒类型,发现除健康籽粒外,在所有轻微、中度、严重感染赤霉病的小麦或玉米籽粒中,均同时检测到DON及N IV的两种DNA片断,表明这一对通用引物对两种毒素特异DNA片断的扩增效率相同。这些结果说明,该技术是一种经济、快速、可靠的PCR检测技术,可广泛用于赤霉菌及其毒素检测鉴定中。     

日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

研究5种霉菌毒素吸附剂对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。选用360日龄海兰灰产蛋鸡864只,随机分为6个处理,每处理4个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1~5组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加5种霉菌毒素吸附剂A、B、C、D和E,试验期56 d。结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂A、C、D和E对产蛋鸡生产性能没有影响,吸附剂B能够提高产蛋鸡产蛋率（P<0.05）。5种霉菌毒素吸附剂对第35天鸡蛋蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位、蛋黄比率和蛋壳强度没有影响（P>0.05）,添加霉菌毒素吸附剂产品C、D、E组的蛋黄色泽分别比对照组高43.64%、36.83%和43.28%（P<0.05）。第56天时,日粮中添加吸附剂A处理组的蛋黄色泽显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,添加吸附剂C和E处理组的蛋黄色泽分别比对照组高10.39%和9.85%（P<0.05）;添加5种不同霉菌毒素吸附剂处理组的哈氏单位和蛋壳强度均低于对照组（P<0.05）。因此,霉菌毒素吸附剂产品B能够提高蛋鸡产蛋率（P<0.05）;长期使用霉菌毒素吸附剂对鸡蛋品质有一定影响,主要表现为蛋壳强度和哈氏单位降低。     

植物病原真菌毒素作用机理研究进展

研究植物病原真菌毒素及其作用机理,对于了解植物与病原的相互作用具有十分重要的意义.本文通过对真菌毒素对寄主植物的细胞质膜、线粒体、叶绿体等作用位点及对寄主植物的光合作用、核酸代谢、蛋白质合成等生理生化反应的影响的研究进行总结,以期为今后的病原菌毒素的研究提供思路,并在最后指出了病原真菌毒素的应用及今后的研究方向.