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1.
Most of the shellfish fisheries of Mexico occur in the Gulf of California. In this region, known for its high primary productivity, blooms of diatoms and dinoflagellates are common, occurring mainly during upwelling events. Dinoflagellates that produce lipophilic toxins are present, where some outbreaks related to okadaic acid and dinophisystoxins have been recorded. From January 2015 to November 2017 samples of three species of wild bivalve mollusks were collected monthly in five sites in the southern region of Bahía de La Paz. Pooled tissue extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS to detect lipophilic toxins. Eighteen analogs of seven toxin groups, including cyclic imines were identified, fortunately individual toxins did not exceed regulatory levels and also the total toxin concentration for each bivalve species was lower than the maximum permitted level for human consumption. Interspecific differences in toxin number and concentration were observed in three species of bivalves even when the samples were collected at the same site. Okadaic acid was detected in low concentrations, while yessotoxins and gymnodimines had the highest concentrations in bivalve tissues. Although in low quantities, the presence of cyclic imines and other lipophilic toxins in bivalves from the southern Gulf of California was constant.  相似文献   
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为了探索马铃薯脱毒苗高效低成本快繁培养基,以‘陇薯7号’和‘陇薯20号’试管苗为试材,测定不同培养基上试管苗的株高、茎粗、叶片数、茎叶鲜干重和叶绿素含量。以除去有机的MS培养基为对照,在仅缺钙的培养基上,两品种都能正常生长,但‘陇薯20号’的株高显著低于对照;仅缺乏微量元素或同时缺乏钙盐和微量元素时,‘陇薯7号’与对照无显著差异,但‘陇薯20号’的株高显著低于对照;缺铁使‘陇薯7号’新芽失绿,生长受阻,但对‘陇薯20号’没有产生不利影响,且铁和钙盐同时缺乏有利于‘陇薯20号’的生长;在只含MS大量元素的培养基培养时,两品种前期均出现茎叶微黄的现象,但随培养时间的延长,黄色逐渐消失,且‘陇薯7号’的各指标显著高于对照。由此可见,不同品种对营养元素的需求差异较大,‘陇薯7号’和‘陇薯20号’分别可以在只含大量元素和大量元素+微量元素的MS培养基上高效快繁。  相似文献   
4.
为建立快速测定猪尿中地西泮及其7种代谢物残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)确证方法,本研究优化了样品净化的阳离子交换固相萃取柱(PCX柱)及其淋洗洗脱条件。猪尿液酸化后直接经PCX柱净化,依次用水、60%甲醇水溶液淋洗,最后用5%氨化甲醇洗脱;选用BEH C18色谱柱分离,UPLCMS/MS进行检测,以基质匹配标准曲线定量。结果显示:8种药物在0.3~20.0μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2≥0.995),检出限和定量限分别为0.1μg/L和0.3μg/L;各药物在3个添加浓度下回收率为73.6%~95.3%,日内、日间相对标准偏差分别为2.9%~18.6%(n=6)和2.2%~12.6%(n=3)。结果表明,本方法操作简单、快速,灵敏度高、特异性好。  相似文献   
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试验旨在建立一种同时测定牛奶中替米考星(tilmicosin)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、氟苯尼考(florfenicol)和氯霉素(chloramphenicol)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)法。牛奶样品经乙腈提取后,将提取液通过Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取小柱净化,净化后的样液经氮吹浓缩后,用样品稀释液溶解并用正己烷进一步除去脂肪获得待分析样品,进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。采用CAPCELL PAK C18 MGⅢ-H色谱柱(2 mm×100 mm,3 μm)进行液相色谱分离,以甲醇(A)-含0.01%甲酸的0.1 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱:0~1.0 min,90%至60% B;1.0~3.0 min,60%至30% B;3.0~4.4 min,30%至20% B;4.4~4.5 min,20%~90% B;4.5~6.0 min,90% B。在多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式下进行质谱测定,以基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果显示,替米考星、地塞米松、氟苯尼考和氯霉素在1.0~100.0 μg/L范围内均具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999)。方法的最低检测限(limits of detection,LODs)为0.1~0.2 μg/kg,定量限(limits of quantity,LOQs)为0.2~0.5 μg/kg,当4种化合物在牛奶中的添加水平为0.5、5.0和25.0 μg/kg时,回收率为78.6%~94.7%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations,RSDs)为2.4%~10.1%。本试验建立的UPLC-MS/MS方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于牛奶中替米考星、地塞米松、氟苯尼考和氯霉素的同时测定。  相似文献   
6.
Plant pathogens have developed different strategies during their evolution to infect and colonize their hosts. In the same way, plants have evolved different mechanisms acting against potential pathogens trying to infect and colonize their tissues. Regulation of a wide variety of proteins is required in order to perceive the pathogen and to activate the plant defence mechanisms. The apoplast is the first compartment where these recognition phenomena occur in most plant–pathogen interactions, allowing the exchange of different molecules and facilitating inter‐ and intracellular communication in plant cells. Proteomic analysis of the apoplast in recent years has found the initial biochemical responses involved in pathogen recognition and early defence responses. However, this proteomic approach requires some specific experimental conditions to obtain an extract free of cytoplasmic proteins and nonprotein contaminants that affect the subsequent stages of separation and quantification. Obtaining the highest proportion of proteins from the apoplastic space in infected tissues requires different steps such as extraction of apoplastic washing fluids and preparation of total secreted proteins (protein precipitation, solubilization, separation and digestion). Protein identification using mass spectrometry techniques and bioinformatics tools identifying peptides for the extracellular exportation is required to confirm the apoplastic location. This review compiles the most commonly used techniques for proteomic studies, focusing on the early biochemical changes occurring in the apoplast of plants infected by a wide range of pathogens. The scope of this approach to discover the molecular mechanisms involved in the plant–pathogen interaction is discussed.  相似文献   
7.
通过比较分析K932MS中不育及可育花药不同发育时期的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性差异,探讨其败育的生理生化机制。结果表明,不育花药中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量在造孢细胞时期、花粉母细胞时期、二分体和四分体时期均显著低于可育花药,游离脯氨酸含量二分体和四分体时期显著低于可育花药;不育花药中CAT活性在造孢细胞时期显著高于可育花药,在花粉母细胞时期和四分体时期显著低于可育花药;SOD活性在花粉母细胞时期显著高于可育花药,在二分体和四分体时期都显著低于可育花药;POD酶活性在造孢细胞时期和四分体时期显著高于可育花药。造成K932MS败育的原因可能是由于不育花药中营养物质的严重不足,同时不育花药的CAT和SOD活性降低、POD活性升高,不利于花药的正常生长发育。  相似文献   
8.
Development of highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of phytohormones is of great significance to study plant hormones and agricultural production.In this study,an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was established for separation and quantification of trans-zeatin,trans-zeatin riboside,gibberellin A_3,indol-3-acetic acid,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and jasmonic acid(JA) without any label.The sepa ration was performed on an Agilent Explus Plus C18 column by using methanol and water as mobile phases with gradient elution.The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by mass spectrum via positive electrospray ionization for trans-zeatin,transzeatin riboside,indole-3-acetic acid,and via negative electrospray ionization for gibberellin3,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and JA.The limits of detection ranged from 0.0127 ng L~(-1) for gibberellin A_3(GA_3) to 33.26 ng L~(-1) for JA and were lower than the currently reported values in literature.The proposed method was applied for qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytohormones in peanut gynophores and pods.The recoveries of the spiked phytohormones ranged from 80.20 to102.56%.The contents of seven endogenous hormones varied specifically in different development stages of peanuts.This study provides a highly sensitive and selective detection method for hormones and elucidates the growth and development of the gynophore and peanut fruit,which are controlled by seven endogenous hormones.  相似文献   
9.
为填补我国在伏马毒素基体标准物质的空白,本试验研制了以玉米粉为基体的伏马毒素FB1标准物质,玉米样品经过筛、加标、冷冻干燥、磨粉、混匀、密封分装后,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法检验样品的均匀性、稳定性,幵联合多家实验室对玉米粉中伏马毒素FB1含量定值,同时分析样品的不确定度。样品均匀性经斱差分析法表明F值为1.42,小于临界值F_(0.05),且伏马毒素FB1含量在觃定时间6个月内无明显变化。结果表明,均匀性与稳定性均符合标准物质的要求。样品定值为1475.56μg kg~(–1),不确定度为169.98μg kg~(–1)。该标准物质可替代进口标准物质,用于伏马毒素检测过程中的仪器校准、实验室质量控制和操作人员的水平考核等。  相似文献   
10.
Since the 1940s, the anadromous allis shad, Alosa alosa (L.), has suffered population declines throughout its distribution range in Europe. In context of EU‐LIFE projects for the reintroduction of the allis shad in the Rhine system, a comprehensive study was started in 2012 to investigate infectious diseases occurring in allis shad. In course of the study, 217 mature and young‐of‐the‐year allis shad originating from the wild population from the Gironde–Garonne–Dordogne system (GGD‐system) and the Rhine system as well as 38 allis shad from the breeding population were examined by use of bacteriological and histological methods. In 2012 and 2014, an endocarditis valvularis thromboticans caused by a coccoid bacterium was detected in 16% and 25% of mature allis shad originating from the GGD‐system. Results of microbiologic examinations, including biochemical characteristics, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, revealed Lactococcus lactis as causative agent of this infection. This is the first report of an endocarditis valvularis and parietalis thromboticans caused by Lactococcus lactis in fish. Possible sources of infection as well as the impact for the reintroduction programme are discussed.  相似文献   
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