Modelling bryophyte distribution based on ecological information for extent of occurrence assessment

For some groups such as bryophytes, the IUCN distribution criteria are of critical importance to evaluate threat status, since other parameters cannot be determined readily. In this study, we propose the use of ecological niche modelling methods to estimate the extent of occurrence (EOO) of species. Herbarium (LISU) collection data are used to estimate the potential distribution of bryophytes based on three different methods: GARP, MAXENT and ENFA. The records of bibliographic references were projected against model predictions, and used for validation purposes using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method, as well as knowledge about ecological and geographic affinities.Four species (Antitrichia californica, Riccia sommieri, Cryphaea heteromalla and Racomitrium hespericum) were chosen as case studies; they were selected to represent taxa with contrasting ecological requirements, biogeographic importance and conservation value. The main difference between the two approaches (topological and ecological) for determining EOO is that the former only consider species distribution in space, whereas ecological methods may include both spatial distribution as well as environmental ranges. The methodological advance presented here explores the links between population distribution and environmental data, filling the gaps between distribution and administrative borders.     

A herbarium-based method for estimates of temporal frequency changes: mosses in Sweden

A new, resource-efficient, herbarium-based method for estimating temporal frequency changes in species, especially of non-vascular plants and fungi, is presented. It is based on a reference data set for the temporal distribution of general collecting activity for the organism group and geographical area of interest. The reference data set includes the collecting year of 650-1000 randomly selected herbarium specimens. The technique relies on the assumption that the temporal distribution of herbarium collections reflects the collecting activity in a region. The temporal distribution of collections of example species is compared with that of the reference data set to correct for the collecting intensity. Thus, cases that are explained by changes in general collecting frequency can be separated from those where other causes are likely. Species of the latter category need to be examined individually in order to assess whether the actual causes for the detected frequency variations are due to environmental changes or other factors. The present method provides a tool to assess actual increases and decreases of moderately frequent to common taxa, to aid in tracing predicted or unpredicted changes in nature.     

药用植物腊叶标本的保色研究

在药用植物腊叶标本的制作过程中,为保持药用植物的原色泽,采用直接压制干燥和加温压制干燥两种方法,研究其对药用植物腊叶标本保色的影响。结果表明:2种处理均有影响,其中以50℃加温压制干燥处理的保色效果最好。     

Composition and biological activity of the essential oil from Thapsia minor, a new source of geranyl acetate

The essential oils from aerial parts of Thapsia minor Hoffmanns. & Link (Apiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by gas-chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxygenated monoterpenes represented the main fraction with geranyl acetate (82.3-83.0%) as the major constituent, making this plant a good source of this compound.Biological activity of the essential oil was evaluated against several fungal strains. The highest activity was found against dermatophyte strains, Crytococcus neoformans and Candida guillermondii with minimal inhibitory concentrations values from 0.32 μl/ml to 1.25 μl/ml. The antifungal activity could be associated with the significant contribution of the oxygenated monoterpene geranyl acetate.Furthermore, this essential oil demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory in vitro activity, at concentrations that did not affect macrophages and keratinocytes viability, being the anti-inflammatory properties of the oil mainly due to geranyl acetate.These favorable results emphasize the antifungal and anti-inflammatory abilities of the molecule geranyl acetate and further support the exploitation of T. minor oil for pharmaceutical industry, in order to find new phytopharmaceuticals.     

标本害虫主要种类及其综合防控现状

归纳了近年来国内外标本害虫的主要种类,危害较严重的有烟草甲[Lasioderma serricorne(Fabricius)]、药材甲[Stegobium paniceum(L.)]、花斑皮蠹(Trogoderma variabile Ballion)、袋衣蛾(Tinea pellionella L.)、书虱(Liposcelis spp.)、衣鱼(Lepismatidae)等;对标本虫害的防控现状进行了总结,目前开展的防控工作主要以冷冻杀虫、控制温湿度等物理防控方法为主,结合合理的害虫监控制度和适度的化学防治方法的运用,对害虫种群有较好的控制效果;最后提出了以虫害可持续控制为目标的标本馆生态系统调控策略。     

植物生产类专业植物标本室的建设与完善

介绍了加强植物标本室建设的意义及其必要性,认为植物标本是农学专业教学和科学研究的重要直观教具,可以有效提高教学效果和教学质量,植物标本室的建设与完善是农学专业教学改革的重要手段之一。分析了植物标本的采集与制作方法和注意事项,以及标本的管理与维护方法,旨在为植物生产类专业标本制作提供理论依据。     

植物标本在植物学教学中的应用

植物标本在植物教学中占有重要地位,主要有腊叶标本和浸制标本2种类型。该文阐述了腊叶标本在采集时的注意事项及浸制标本的制作方法。笔者根据野外采集及教学经验,总结了植物标本在植物学教学中是理论联系实际的重要桥梁,为植物学教学打下良好的基础,极大的提高了学生学习植物学的积极性,为本科生将来继续研究生的学习奠定基础,并且能够增强学生的环保意识。     

五棱散尾鬼笔——陕西省新发现简报

在陕西省杜陵国家遗址公园发现1种鬼笔目真菌，经鉴定确认为五棱散尾鬼笔Lysurus mokusin（Cibot：Pers．）Fr．。查阅相关文献发现，此前该菌在陕西省内未有报道和文献记载，因此，本次调查发现增加了该菌在我国种质资源分布的地区。     

How many herbarium specimens are needed to detect threatened species?

The distribution, ecology and conservation status of the majority of plant species are poorly known. One of the challenges ahead is to address this knowledge gap and give more emphasis to this important group of species that represents a critical component of earth’s biodiversity. Full conservation assessments require expert knowledge of the group concerned, but for the majority of plant species, especially those from the tropics, the best source of knowledge is specimens housed within herbaria. Digitisation projects are underway to render information from this important global biodiversity resource more accessible; the next step is to assemble and utilise these data to make better informed conservation decisions. One crucial question is: how many herbarium specimens are needed to detect threatened species? Such information would inform and help to prioritise digitisation efforts. Using 11,461 herbarium records we assessed species geographic range to determine a preliminary conservation status of 661 endemic species of Leguminosae and Orchidaceae from Madagascar, following the IUCN criteria. By capturing 15 georeferenced specimens per species we produced range estimates for use in conservation assessments consistent with estimates based on all known specimens, for more than 95% of species. None of the threatened species were misclassified as not threatened, and less than 3% of species would receive conservation support as a result of being falsely identified as threatened. This approach can therefore help progress towards the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation target of a conservation assessment for each plant species, while reducing digitisation effort by up to half.