Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

玉米谷氨酰胺合成酶基因家族的生物信息学分析

谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS,EC6.3.1.2)是氮素代谢途径中的关键酶,对植物的生长和发育至关重要。采用多种生物信息学软件对6个玉米GS基因的可变剪接现象、核苷酸序列、编码蛋白序列、磷酸化位点、基因组结构、同源进化关系以及启动子顺式作用元件进行系统的生物信息学分析。结果表明,5个玉米GS基因存在可变剪接现象,编码蛋白的氨基酸数目为356~423个;6个玉米GS蛋白存在19~38个的磷酸化位点,各成员基因组序列上含有10~15个外显子;玉米GS基因可划分为GS2、GS1-1、GS1-2和GS1-3等4个亚组;6个基因定位到1、4、5、9和10号共5条染色体上,6个成员的启动子区域含有MYB结合位点、水杨酸响应元件和茉莉酸甲酯响应元件等重要的调控元件。     

玉米果穗发育的生理特性研究

为了探讨玉米优良自交系选育中出现短苞叶品种的原因，从生理角度分析了两玉米自交系品种穗轴与苞叶生长发育变化趋势。结果表明：四个时期中139号苞叶硝酸还原酶活性非常低，对照1号的稍高一些。139号苞叶谷氨酰胺合成酶活性小于1号，且1号的酶活性变化较平缓。139号雌穗轴硝酸还原酶活性变化剧烈，授粉后15d达高峰，明显大于1号。139号雌穗轴谷氨酰胺合成酶活性前三时期始终大于1号，最后一时期二者几乎相等，但1号的酶活性变化平缓。就上述结果从氮代谢方面分析了139号苞叶与穗轴发育失调的原因。     

氮磷钾不同配比对饲用稻威优198产量及糙米蛋白含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究“推荐配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为190:90:100 kg hm-2)、“高氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为210:90:100 kg hm-2)、“低氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为170:90:100 kg hm-2)以及“常规配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为216:112.5:202.5 kg hm-2)4种氮、磷、钾配比施肥对饲用稻威优198蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及产量和糙米蛋白质的影响。结果表明:“推荐配比”能提高不同生育时期水稻功能叶(旗叶)和粒籽中碳、氮代谢关键酶的活性,这些关键酶活性的变化显著影响水稻产量和糙米全氮以及蛋白氮的含量。统计(P0.05)结果证实“推荐配比”能提高水稻产量达到8200 kg hm-2,与“常规配比”相比产量提高了24.81%;“推荐配比”糙米全氮和蛋白氮含量分别达到22.70 g kg-1和21.98 g kg-1,与“常规配比”相比差异显著,并且其全氮和蛋白氮含量分别提高17.01%,18.38%。     

谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪抗菌肽PR-39 mRNA的表达调控

本文旨在探讨谷氨酰胺(Gln)对断奶仔猪抗菌肽PR-39 mRNA表达的影响.选取64头胎次相同、28日龄断奶、体重(7.50±0.67)kg的三元杂交仔猪(杜×长×大),随机分为2个组,即基础日粮对照组和1.0%Gln添加组,每组设4个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各1/2).于试验第28天,进行细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量的分析.于第30天,采用半定量RT-PCR研究日粮中添加Gln对PR-39 mRNA的影响.试验结果表明:Gln添加显著提高仔猪血清中IL-1β含量(P<0.05),但对血清IL-6和TNF-α及空肠黏膜TNF-α、IL-2无显著影响(P>0.05);显著促使骨髓,空肠黏膜中PR-39 mRNA的表达(P<0.05),与对照组相比,骨髓和空肠黏膜中PR-39 mRNA分别提高50.5%(P<0.05)和24.0%(P<0.05).由结果可知,断奶仔猪日粮中添加Gln能显著促使骨髓及空肠黏膜PR-39 mRNA表达上调.     

NaHCO_3胁迫对碱地风毛菊苗期氮代谢关键指标的影响

试验对碱地风毛菊(Saussurea runcinata)苗期以NaHCO3进行胁迫,浓度为0(CK)、30mmol/L、60mmol/L、90mmol/L、120mmol/L、150mmol/L、180mmol/L,通过对其氮代谢关键指标的研究,以探讨盐胁迫对碱地风毛菊苗期氮代谢的影响。结果表明:NaHCO3胁迫下,碱地风毛菊中脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量增加;碱地风毛菊中NR活性下降,叶片中NO3-N含量下降,根系中NO3-N含量增加,碱地风毛菊对NO3-N的利用能力下降;碱地风毛菊中GS活性上升,碱地风毛菊生长氮素来源以氨态氮为主要供应形式。     

水稻营养生长期谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的研究

[目的]为选育高氮素利用效率的水稻新品种提供参考。[方法]对6个基因型不同的水稻样本在不同生育期内用不同浓度的氮素诱导，测定水稻营养生长期叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。[结果]在不同浓度的氮素条件诱导下，高氮素利用率的母本谷氨酰胺合成酶活性都比低氮利用效率的父本要高，并且对应杂交组合产生的杂交子一代表现出的谷氨酰胺合成酶活性比亲本要高。[结论]谷氨酰胺合成酶活性可以作为选育高氮素利用效率水稻新品种的一种生理预测指标。     

玉米果穗发育的生理特性研究

为了探讨玉米优良自交系选育中出现短苞叶品种的原因,从生理角度分析了两玉米自交系品种穗轴与苞叶生长发育变化趋势。结果表明:四个时期中139号苞叶硝酸还原酶活性非常低,对照1号的稍高一些。139号苞叶谷氨酰胺合成酶活性小于1号,且1号的酶活性变化较平缓。139号雌穗轴硝酸还原酶活性变化剧烈,授粉后15d达高峰,明显大于1号。139号雌穗轴谷氨酰胺合成酶活性前三时期始终大于1号,最后一时期二者几乎相等,但1号的酶活性变化平缓。就上述结果从氮代谢方面分析了139号苞叶与穗轴发育失调的原因。     

Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Abilities of Antioxidative and γ-glutamyl Transpeptidase Activities in Liver and Intestine of Piglets Fed Diets Containing Raw Soybean

Eighteen male piglets weaned at 28 days age were randomly assigned to one of three treatments(1% glutamate, 1% and 2 % glutamine supplementation). The basal diet contained 5 % raw soybean. The di-ets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. The level of plasma glutahione (GSH) increasedmarkedly in piglets fed glutamine, and the response was related to dose. In treatments Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the levels ofplasma GSH were significantly higher than that in the control at the 35 days age (P＜0.05). The level of plas-ma GSH in treatment Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the control at 42 days age (P＜0.05). At 49days age, there was no significantly difference of the level of GSH in plasma, liver, spleen, intestine and mes-enteric lymph node. The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and spleen was higher than that of thecontrol, however, the difference wasn't significant. Dietary glutamine supplementation decreased γ-glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT) activities in liver. The activities of γ-GT of liver protein in treatment Ⅱ were signifi-cantly lower than that in the control (P＜0. 05). The activities of γ-GT of duodenum in treatments Ⅰ and Ⅱwere also significantly lower than that in the control (P＜0.05). But there were no significant differences ofthe activities of γ-GT in jejunum and ileum. The results showed that dietary glutamine supplementation in-creased the level of plasma GSH, and decreased γ-GT activities.