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详细介绍和分析了欧盟27国发展小水电的现状和战略规划、欧盟可再生能源和分布式能源的结构比例,以及欧洲小水电协会系统推进小水电发展所起的作用.根据国家水利部颁发的《"十二五"全国水电新农村电气化规划》,介绍和分析了我国小水电的发展现状和战略规划;对我国发展小型和微型水电中存在的突出问题进行了详细的分析,例如:小水电的权责不清晰;小水电站数量多和管理难;小水电开发产业的延续性差和未来趋势不清晰;小水电设备的制造企业面临的问题,例如技术水平低、技术储备不足、科研投入少和科研能力差、管理程度浅等;小水电站年利用小时数偏低和径流式电站的问题.提出了5点建议:明晰小水电的权责关系,规范小水电的开发和经营;建立小流域发展综合管理委员会,采取"电站群"的管理方式;把握我国和国际市场的小水电发展趋势,把小水电产业做大做强并保持可持续发展;提出了从"一个科研中心、两个方向"出发,提升小水电设备制造企业技术水平低的思路;提高小水电站年满发小时数即设备的利用率,增加小水电的发电效益. 相似文献
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Samuel Shephard Tara Gallagher Sean M. Rooney Nicola O'Gorman Brian Coghlan James J. King 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(1):39-46
- Perspectives on lamprey management contrast between pest control in the US Great Lakes and species conservation in the Pacific Northwest, New Zealand, and Europe. Five lamprey species are listed in the European Union (EU) Habitats Directive (HD) as requiring conservation measures. Assessments of HD ‘conservation status’ for these lampreys mainly target the larval (ammocoete) stage.
- Larval lamprey populations can be assessed by evaluating presence or absence, density and demographic structure in riverine samples. Demographic structure has typically been described from length–frequency data using qualitative approaches and the statistical assignment of age classes. Length‐based indicators (LBIs) may provide a more rapid and flexible framework.
- The demographic structure of a fish population can be described by univariate length metrics: length range (LRANGE) and 90th percentile of length (L90). This study used a pooled data set from seven Irish catchments to estimate a reference point (RP) value for each metric corresponding to a healthy larval lamprey population. Two LBIs were then derived that can be estimated for an observed (OBS) population as LBIRANGE = LRANGE_OBS/LRANGE_RP and LBI90 = L90_OBS/L90_RP.
- Simulated lamprey population length structures, representing a range of status values, were used to develop a reference gradient (RG) to support population assessment using LBIs. The assessment framework was applied to each of the seven Irish catchments, and also to subcatchment and sampling‐site scales within the Barrow system. The LBIs and RG suggested that most catchments had favourable conservation status overall, whereas smaller assessment scales revealed a spread of status values.
- The proposed framework allows the rapid assessment of demographic structure and comparison across systems. There is potential to track states across sampling sites, events, and legislative reporting cycles, and to interpret change in relation to the local environment. The general approach may be adaptable for other fish species monitored during juvenile stages.
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目前,欧盟和美国的农产品可追溯系统走在世界前列,在识别、预警、限制、召回、管理等方面均有许多值得借鉴之处.分析欧盟和美国实施农产品可追溯系统的成功经验和做法,对指导吉林省建设农产品可追溯系统具有重要意义. 相似文献
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《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(2-3):165-187
Summary It is some years now since forest decline was a major public concern in Europe and was one of the principal environmental issues around which international research programs were focused. A number of internationally coordinated activities were initiated in the 1980s and 1990s and have continued until now; these contributed significantly to our current understanding of forestry and to the way in which forestry policies have developed. In short, the concept of sustainable development has had an increasing influence and is now of immeasurable value in forest policy, with sustainable forest management well established as its guiding principle. This sequence of events is examined here. The extent to which understanding has advanced is remarkable; much has changed. Arguably this period gave the first indication of the extent to which forests and ecosystems globally are threatened by environmental change. On the basis of the last 20 years, it is tempting to conclude that we now have an effective institutional framework and have made excellent progress. However, some of the recorded ecosystem responses seem anomalous; there are surprises in system responses, e.g., the linkage between sulphur and nitrogen depositions and forest growth. Even more importantly some specific pollutant problems remain and will intensify, and climate change has become an environmental issue of overwhelming importance. 相似文献
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文章综述了美国、欧盟和中国的饲料管理的主要法律、法规、指令、指南等。美国、欧盟的饲料管理法规建设历史长、系统、完整、科学、可操作性强。我国饲料管理法规建设发展相对较晚,发展很快,需要借鉴美、欧的经验。饲料法规的发展趋势是更为科学、系统、操作简便、高效率,有利于保护食品安全、动物安全与福利、有利于建立公平、和谐的法制环境,促进饲料工业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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Sarah Bonnet Nadine Brisseau Axelle Hermouet Maggy Jouglin Alain Chauvin 《Veterinary research》2009,40(3)
Babesia sp. (EU1), first characterized in 2003, has been implicated in human cases of babesiosis in Italy, Austria and Germany. It has been identified in roe deer and in its suspected tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, in several European countries. The aim of the present study was to validate the competence of I. ricinus as a vector of Babesia sp. (EU1) via experimental infections. For this purpose, a parasite strain isolated from roe deer was cloned in sheep erythrocytes. After experimental infections, parasite DNA was successfully amplified by PCR in both eggs and larvae originating from infected I. ricinus females and in the salivary glands of females exposed to Babesia sp. (EU1) as nymphs. We also demonstrate that infected females were able to transmit parasite DNA during a new blood meal. Together with previous epidemiological studies, these results validate I. ricinus as a competent vector for Babesia sp. (EU1). 相似文献