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1.
Processes of soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization and the reverse, destabilization of SOM resulting in subsequent release and mobilization of nutrients from SOM, remain largely unresolved. The perception of SOM as supramolecular aggregates built of low molecular mass biomolecules is currently emerging. Polyvalent metal cations contribute to SOM tertiary structure by bridging functional groups of such molecules (Simpson et al., 2002). The strong bond to metals protects high quality organic material from being immediately accessed and decomposed. Here we propose a three-step process by which low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs) and hydrolytic enzymes act in series to destabilize SOM supramolecules to release organic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for local hyphal and root uptake. Complexation of the stabilizing metals by fungal-released LMMOA gives fungal-root consortia direct access to organic substrates of good quality. Because of their small sizes and carboxyl group configuration, citric and oxalic acids are the most effective LMMOAs forming stable complexes with the main SOM bridging metals Ca and Al in SOM. Citrate, forming particularly strong complexes with the trivalent cations Al and Fe, is dominant in soil solutions of low-productive highly acidic boreal forest soils where mycorrhizal associations with roots are formed predominantly by fungi with hydrophobic hyphal surfaces. In these systems mycelia participate in the formation of N-containing SOM with a significant contribution from strong Al bridges. In less acidic soils of temperate forests, including calcareous influenced soils, SOM is stabilized predominantly by Ca bridges. In such systems mycorrhizal fungi with more hydrophilic surfaces dominate, and oxalic acid, forming strong bidentate complexes with Ca, is the most common LMMOA exuded. A plant-fungus driven biotic mechanism at the supramolecular aggregate level (103–105 Da) resolves micro-spatial priming of SOM, where the destabilization step is prerequisite for subsequent release of nutrients.  相似文献   
2.
柠檬酸盐对黑云母表面溶解及微结构变化的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用离位培养法,结合原子力显微镜的接触成像和相位成像模式研究层状硅酸盐含钾矿物黑云母在根际环境条件下的表面溶解现象和矿物微结构转化过程。结果表明,在p H 4.0的弱酸水溶液中反应24 h时,黑云母(001)面上有微型蚀坑出现,其深度介于0.1~0.9 nm之间,表面变得比较粗糙;反应96 h时,黑云母(001)面上蚀坑较为明显,但仅占总表面的4.8%,蚀坑的深度平均为0.957 nm;反应140 h时,黑云母(001)面上有不稳定的覆盖物沉积,阻碍表层溶解过程的持续进行。在p H 4.0的柠檬酸溶液中,经过24 h培养,(001)面上有大量的蚀坑出现,单层溶解现象明显;48 h时,表面台阶溶解速率显著提高,溶解面积可达总表面的48.7%;140 h时,(001)面上有圆形状胀裂发生,表层(高度,1~2 nm)发生破裂、产生较多的黑云母碎片,溶解速率进一步提高。随着柠檬酸溶液中Na+浓度的增加,表层溶解速率增强,(001)面上也有次生覆盖物沉积。同时,界面上Na+-K+交换作用加剧,表层结构(高度,2~10 nm)胀裂现象更加明显。随着反应时间的延长,140 h时,黑云母(001)面的深层结构(深度,~20 nm)亦逐渐隆起并引起周边区域产生裂缝(深度,0.1~1.9 nm),最终导致表层微结构区域水化,形成水化云母(伊利石)。  相似文献   
3.
Abstract

Effects of bicarbonate (10 mM as NaHCO3) and high pH (pH 8 buffered with HEPES) separately on root growth and accumulation of organic acids in the roots of zinc (Zn)‐efficient (IR36) and Zn‐inefficient (IR26) rice genotypes (Oriza sativa L.) were investigated in this study. The results indicated that shoot dry matter yields were decreased more by bicarbonate than by high pH for the Zn‐inefficient genotype, but not affected for the Zn‐efficient genotype. Root dry weights, especially root length, was significantly decreased by bicarbonate and high pH treatments for the Zn‐inefficient genotype, whereas was considerably enhanced by only bicarbonate treatment for the Zn‐efficient rice genotype. The reduction in root growth of the Zn‐inefficient rice genotype and the enhancement of root length in the Zn‐efficient genotype were greater when plants grown with bicarbonate than with high pH treatment. Accumulation of malate, citrate, and fumarate in roots of the two genotypes increased considerably due to both high pH and bicarbonate treatments, but to a greater extent for the Zn‐inefficient than for the Zn‐efficient cultivars. After an 8‐day treatment, more organic acids accumulated in the roots of the Zn‐inefficient genotype (IR26) when plants grown with bicarbonate than at high pH, but this was not the case for the Zn‐efficient genotype. The influence of root growth by bicarbonate appeared to be one of the major factors for the sensitivity of rice genotypes to Zn deficiency in calcareous soils. The greater inhibitory effect of bicarbonate than high pH on root growth of the Zn‐inefficient genotype might result from an excessive accumulation and inefficient compartmentation of organic acids, particularly citrate and malate, in the root cells.  相似文献   
4.
To be able to account for sensory qualities earlier in the assessment of a new banana hybrid in a selection scheme, predicting the sensory perception of banana texture and taste by instrumental parameters was investigated. Thirteen cultivated banana and four new triploid hybrids were characterized by sensory profiling, and rheological and chemical analyses. Multilinear regressions were used to calibrate predictions using 13 cultivated bananas, and the quality of predictions was validated using four hybrids. The sensory characteristics sourness and sweetness were predicted by titratable acidity (R2 = 0.68) and pH (R2 = 0.66). Malate and citrate were the main contributors to sweetness and sourness. Astringency was predicted by total tannins (R2 = 0.55). Rheological parameters from texture profile analyses (stress at fracture, fracturability) were more suitable than pulp puncture force to predict the sensory texture properties firmness (R2 = 0.47) and melting (R2 = 0.60). These textural properties were predicted by titratable acidity and dry matter content (R2 = 0.62). Predictions of mealiness, adhesiveness, and heterogeneity were not efficient. Differences of 3.6–3.7 meq 100 g−1 FW in titratable acidity or of 0.30 g 100 g−1 FW in malate or citrate were required to ensure a detectable difference in sourness or sweetness (p = 0.9). Pulp puncture force needed to differ by a minimum of 0.9 N before a difference in firmness could be perceived by the panelists. In conclusion, while models to predict sourness and sweetness can now be used for high throughput phenotyping, we recommend additional tests for other sensory attributes.  相似文献   
5.
Organic acids may play a key role in rhizosphere and pedogenic processes. The effects of young trees and ectomycorrhizas on the soil solution concentrations of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were studied in soil columns (E horizon) in the presence or absence of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies with or without three ectomycorrhizal fungi. Several LMWOAs were identified at concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 11 μM. Compared to soil columns without tree seedlings, the presence of non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal tree seedlings sometimes resulted in small but statistically significant increases in citrate, formate, malonate and oxalate concentration. The general nutrient concentration and low P had little short-term effect on soil solution organic acid concentrations. The results suggest that biodegradation rather than production may be the major factor regulating soil solution organic acid concentrations.  相似文献   
6.
脐橙果实发育过程中有机酸合成代谢酶活性的变化   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:20  
 以红桔砧10 年生罗伯逊脐橙为试材, 研究了果实发育过程中有机酸代谢相关酶活性的变化及其与有机酸积累的关系。结果表明: 在整个果实发育过程中, 柠檬酸合成酶(CS) 和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC) 活性与有机酸含量呈极显著正相关。这不仅证明脐橙果实中存在通过CO2 固定合成有机酸的途径, 还说明CS、PEPC 是有机酸合成的关键酶, 抑制CS 的活性能降低果实中有机酸的生成量。  相似文献   
7.
Developmental changes in pineapple (Ananas Comosus (L.) Merrill) fruit acidity was determined for a ‘Smooth Cayenne’ high acid clone PRI#36-21 and a low acid clone PRI#63-555. The high acid clone gradually increased in fruit acidity from 1.4 meq/100 ml 6 weeks from flowering, and peaked a week before harvest at ca 10 meq/100 ml. In contrast, the low acid clone increased in acidity 6 to 8 weeks after flowering, peaked 15 weeks after flowering at ca. 9 meq per/100 ml and then sharply declined in 2 weeks to 6 meq/100 ml. The increased in total soluble solids (TSS) of the low acid clone began 6 weeks after flowering and for the high acid clone at 12 weeks after flowering. The increase in titratable fruit acidity (TA) paralleled the changes in the citric acid content of both clones. Citric acid content increased from less than 1 mg/g at 6 weeks after flowering to 6 to 7 mg/g, 9 weeks later. The malic acid concentration in both clones varied between 3 and 5 mg/g and showed no marked changes just before harvest. The developmental changes in fruit potassium were significantly correlated with fruit acidity and fruit total soluble solids in both the high and low acid clones. Developmental changes in acid-related enzymatic activities showed an increase in citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) activity that occurred a week before harvest, coincided with the peak in citric acid in the high acid clone. An increase in aconitase (ACO, EC 4.2.1.3) activity was observed just before harvest as the decline in acidity occurred in the low acid clone. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37) and malic enzyme (ME, EC 1.1.1.40) did not parallel any changes in fruit acidity. The results indicated that the change in pineapple fruit acidity during development was due to changes in citric acid content. The major difference in acid accumulation occurred in the low acid clone just before harvest when acidity declined by one-third. The activities of citrate synthase and aconitase possibly played a major role in pineapple fruit acidity changes.  相似文献   
8.
为揭示铝离子诱导大豆根尖分泌有机酸的特点及介导有机酸分泌的信号途径,采用溶液培养试验方法调查Al Cl3对大豆品种(广州本地2号)根尖有机酸分泌及SGA1基因表达的影响。结果表明,Al Cl3胁迫下大豆活体根尖分泌柠檬酸,且分泌量随着铝浓度(25、50μmol L–1Al Cl3)和处理时间(2~12 h)的增加而增加;大豆根尖以模式II分泌柠檬酸,处理后的前4 h,分泌速率很低,其后显著提升;有机酸明显分泌的诱导期长达6 h;在50μmol L–1 Al Cl3的溶液中添加异三聚体G蛋白抑制剂百日咳毒素(200 ng m L–1),柠檬酸分泌减少38.7%。RT-PCR分析结果显示,Al Cl3溶液诱导大豆根尖SGA1基因的表达,其表达水平随着铝处理时间(0.5~12.0 h)的延长有提升的趋势,而诱导的SGA1基因表达明显早于有机酸开始分泌时间(6 h)。这些结果表明,铝离子诱导大豆根尖分泌柠檬酸及SGA1基因的表达,异三聚体G蛋白可能作为铝胁迫信号开关器参与有机酸分泌的调控。  相似文献   
9.
菠萝果实发育过程中有机酸含量及相关代谢酶活性的变化   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
以菠萝品种卡因为试验材料,测定了不同发育时期果实中有机酸含量及其有机酸代谢相关酶—磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、柠檬酸合成酶(CS)的活性变化,并对果实中酸积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析。结果表明,卡因菠萝果实中所含有机酸有柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、乙酸、草酸、马来酸,其中主要有机酸为柠檬酸(约占62%)、其次为苹果酸(约占14%)、酒石酸、乙酸和草酸的含量较低,马来酸微量。随着果实的发育,柠檬酸含量呈低-高-低的变化趋势,苹果酸、草酸、乙酸、酒石酸含量均呈下降趋势,柠檬酸在果实成熟时占主要优势,是果实主要的有机酸。在幼果期到果实迅速生长后期(花后10~70d),柠檬酸合成酶(CS)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性与柠檬酸含量呈显著正相关。进入果实青熟期(花后90d)后,果实柠檬酸含量变化与PEPC和CS活性并无明显联系,此期酸积累不仅仅依赖这些酶的活性水平,还与其他因素有关。  相似文献   
10.
温室甜瓜果实糖酸积累模拟模型研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过不同类型温室春、秋茬甜瓜栽培,基于有效积温、日温差积与甜瓜果实蔗糖、柠檬酸间关系的回归分析,建立了甜瓜果实蔗糖、柠檬酸及糖酸比及有效积温与日温差积的模拟模型.结果表明,甜瓜果实蔗糖、柠檬酸及糖酸比均随有效积温与日温差累积的增加呈logistic曲线函数变化,但不同栽培茬口函数模型的常数项有差异,它与日温差累积呈线性关系.验证试验结果表明:该模型能较好地模拟甜瓜果实蔗糖、柠檬酸积累过程与糖酸比变化,可精确预测甜瓜果实的成熟特性,因而在确定甜瓜优质采收期中具有很好的应用价值.  相似文献   
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