覆盖作物多样性对猕猴桃园土壤微生物群落功能的影响

以丹江口水源涵养区猕猴桃园为研究对象,运用Biolog微平板技术,研究不同种类覆盖作物处理(2、4、8种和清耕对照)下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的差异。结果表明,覆盖作物处理土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用程度、功能多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于清耕对照。覆盖作物及清耕对照处理土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数与土壤含水量、有机碳、pH、微生物量碳氮呈显著正相关关系。主成分分析与碳代谢图谱分析表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物种类提高了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,且对D-甘露醇、L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、L-苯丙氨酸、γ-羟丁酸、α-丁酮酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、吐温40的利用能力显著高于清耕对照。此外,4种覆盖作物处理对猕猴桃园土壤生态环境的影响优于2种和8种。研究表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物多样性改变了土壤环境因子,影响了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性和功能多样性。     

祁连山不同植被类型土壤微生物群落多样性差异

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位。以祁连山中段不同海拔的4种植物群落,即垫状植被(cushion plants,CP)、高寒草甸(alpine meadow,AM)、沼泽化草甸(swamp meadow,SM)和高寒灌丛(alpine shrub,AS)作为实验样地,采用BIOLOG技术,探讨了土壤微生物群落多样性在不用海拔梯度形成的植被条件下的变化特征。结果表明,反映微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)的大小顺序为:沼泽化草甸高寒草甸高寒灌丛垫状植被,沼泽化草甸土壤微生物群落代谢活性最高;高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤微生物群落碳源利用模式相似,土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener物种丰富度指数(H)与土壤有机碳和全氮显著相关(P0.05),Simpson优势度指数(D)和Mc Intosh指数(U)与土壤全氮显著相关(P0.05);冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳、p H和全氮可能是土壤微生物利用碳源的控制因子。研究结果为进一步探讨高寒草甸与土壤微生物之间的关系奠定了基础。     

白三叶返园对苹果园土壤微生物群落的影响

为了解苹果(Malus pumila)园中覆盖和埋置白三叶(Trifolium repens)对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用尼龙袋法将新鲜的白三叶覆盖和埋置到苹果园中,分别在白三叶降解1、3、6个月时,利用Biolog微平板法检测土壤微生物群落的功能多样性。结果表明,覆盖和埋置白三叶均可使苹果园土壤微生物代谢活性显著提高(P0.05),微生物的多样性除6个月外显著增加、丰富度显著增加,均匀度显著降低(P0.05),群落结构发生变化,且覆草处理大于埋草,同时,白三叶降解时间的长短也影响土壤微生物群落。土壤微生物群落主成分分析结果显示,不同返园方式间主要对羧酸类碳源的利用有差异,而导致不同降解时间土壤微生物群落代谢差异的主要是糖类。说明在苹果园覆盖和埋置白三叶可改变土壤微生物群落,而覆盖白三叶对微生物群落结构的改善情况显著优于埋置白三叶。     

土壤微生物多样性实验研究方法概述

对有关土壤微生物多样性,包括微生物类群多样性、群落结构多样性、功能多样性以及基因多样性等的描述与表征方法进行了探讨,同时,对当前国内外土壤微生物多样性的一些实验研究方法,包括土壤微生物分离培养方法、Biolog 微平板方法、FAME 分析方法和分子生物学方法等进行了介绍和评述。并指出在土壤微生物多样性研究中,如果可能的话,需要将各种方法结合起来使用,方可得到有关土壤生物多样性的较为全面的信息和理解。     

Soil microbial community characteristics along an elevation gradient in the Laguna Mountains of Southern California

We sampled soil at four sites in the Laguna Mountains in the western Sonoran Desert to test the effects of site and sample location (between or beneath plants) on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and carbon substrate ulilization (Biolog) profiles. The four sites differed in elevation, soil type, plant community composition, and plant percent cover. Soil pH decreased and plant density increased with elevation. Fertile islands, defined as areas beneath plants with greater soil resources than bare areas, are present at all sites, but are most pronounced at lower elevations. Consistent with this pattern, fertile islands had the greatest influence on FAME and Biolog profiles at lower elevations. Based on the use of FAME biomarker and principal components analyses, we found that soil microbial communities between plants at the lowest elevation had proportionally more Gram-negative bacteria than all other soils. At the higher elevation sites there were few differences in FAME profiles of soils sampled between vs. beneath plants. Differences in FAME profiles under plants among the four sites were small, suggesting that the plant influence per se is more important than plant type in controlling FAME profiles. Since microbial biomass carbon was correlated with FAME number (r=0.85,P<0.0001) and with FAME named (r=0.88,P<0.0001) and total areas (r=0.84,P<0.0001), we standardized the FAME data to ensure that differences in FAME profiles among samples were not the result of differences in microbial biomass. Differences in microbial substrate utilization profiles among sampling locations were greatest between samples taken under vs. between plants at the two lower elevation sites. Microbial substrate utilization profiles, therefore, also seem to be influenced more by the presence of plants than by specific plant type.     

Fate, tree growth effect and potential impact on soil microbial communities of mycorrhizal and bacterial inoculation in a forest plantation

The knowledge of the survival of inoculated beneficial fungal and bacterial strains in the field and the effects of their release on the indigenous microbial communities has been of great interest since the practical use of selected natural or genetically modified microorganisms has been developing. The aim of this study was to monitor, 4 years after plantation into the field site, the effects of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) co-inoculation with the mycorrhiza helper bacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6R8 and/or the fungal strain Laccaria bicolor S238N on seedling growth and on the indigenous bacterial and ectomycorrhizal communities using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The field persistence of the inoculated strains was also monitored. The seedling shoot volume estimate was statistically significantly higher in the fungal inoculated plots in comparison to the non-inoculated plots but no treatment-related changes in the quantitave or qualitative microbial measurements were observed and the inoculated strains could not be detected after 4 years.     

Long-term impacts of infrequent biosolids applications on chemical and microbial properties of a semi-arid rangeland soil

A plot study was conducted to quantify long-term (>12 years) impacts of a single biosolids application, and short-term impacts (<2 years) of a repeated application, on semi-arid rangeland soil chemical and microbial parameters. In 2003 and 2004, plots which had received 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 21, or 30 Mg biosolids ha⁻¹ once in 1991 (long-term plots), or again in 2002 (short-term plots), were sampled and analyzed for soil chemical parameters, microbial biovolumes, C and N mineralization activities, Biolog EcoPlate substrate utilization potential, and plant productivity and tissue quality. Repeated applications temporarily exacerbated differences in soil chemical properties among treatments, but after 2 years, soil chemistry trends were similar between short-term and long-term plots. Soils which received a repeated application of 21 or 30 Mg biosolids ha⁻¹ had greater bacterial biovolumes and C and N mineralization activities. In long-term plots, mineralization activities were stimulated only at the highest rate. Biosolids-amended soil communities also utilized Biolog substrates more quickly compared to communities from control plots. Plant biomass increased, whereas plant diversity and plant C/N ratio decreased with increasing application rate for both short- and long-term plots. Infrequent biosolids application had positive ecosystem effects in terms of site management objectives, with relatively low extractable metal levels in soil and greater plant biomass and tissue quality despite reduced species richness.     

Spatial variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems

Spatially dependent patterns in microbial properties may exist in temperate alley cropping systems due to differences in litter quality and microclimate in areas under trees compared to those in the alleys. The effect of tree row location was evaluated for its impact on soil enzyme activities and Biolog substrate use patterns. Soils were sampled to a depth of 30 cm at the tree row and at the middle of the alley at two sites: a 21-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis)/bluegrass (Poa trivials) intercrop (Pecan site) and a 12-year-old silver maple (Acer saccharinum)/soybean (Glycine max)–maize (Zea mays) rotation (Maple site). Sampling was done in fall 2001 and summer 2002. β-Glucosidase activities, Biolog patterns expressed as average well color (AWC), substrate richness, and Shannon diversity index, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the tree row than at the middle of the alley for surface soils at the Pecan site. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity was also higher at the tree row for soils sampled in the fall, but did not differ significantly for soils sampled in the summer. At the Maple site, AWC and substrate richness were significantly higher at the tree row for soils sampled in 2001. Soil volumetric water content and temperature were generally lower in the tree row at the Maple site. The results of this study suggest that functionally different microbial populations may be present under pecan trees compared to cropped alleys which may promote disparities in nutrient availability necessitating differential long-term nutrient management in such alley cropping systems.     

土壤微生物多样性研究方法的进展

对土壤微生物的4类研究方法即:传统微生物培养法、微生物标记物法、BIOLOGGN微平板法和微生物分子生物技术方法及其应用特点进行了简要的评述和分析,旨在通过比较寻求能够揭示土壤微生物群落结构的最佳方法。分子生物技术方法与传统研究方法等相结合将是大力推动土壤微生物研究的有效方式。     

Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia

 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, together with Biolog substrate utilization patterns, were used in conjunction with measurements of other soil chemical and microbiological properties to describe differences in soil microbial communities induced by increased salinity and alkalinity in grass/legume pastures at three sites in SE South Australia. Total ester-linked FAMEs (EL-FAMEs) and phospholipid-linked FAMEs (PL-FAMEs), were also compared for their ability to detect differences between the soil microbial communities. The level of salinity and alkalinity in affected areas of the pastures showed seasonal variation, being greater in summer than in winter. At the time of sampling for the chemical and microbiological measurements (winter) only the affected soil at site 1 was significantly saline. The affected soils at all three sites had lower organic C and total N concentrations than the corresponding non-affected soils. At site 1 microbial biomass, CO₂-C respiration and the rate of cellulose decomposition was also lower in the affected soil compared to the non-affected soil. Biomarker fatty acids present in both the EL- and PL-FAME profiles indicated a lower ratio of fungal to bacterial fatty acids in the saline affected soil at site 1. Analysis of Biolog substrate utilization patterns indicated that the bacterial community in the affected soil at site 1 utilized fewer carbon substrates and had lower functional diversity than the corresponding community in the non-affected soil. In contrast, increased alkalinity, of major importance at sites 2 and 3, had no effect on microbial biomass, the rate of cellulose decomposition or functional diversity but was associated with significant differences in the relative amounts of several fatty acids in the PL-FAME profiles indicative of a shift towards a bacterial dominated community. Despite differences in the number and relative amounts of fatty acids detected, principal component analysis of the EL- and PL-FAME profiles were equally capable of separating the affected and non-affected soils at all three sites. Redundancy analysis of the FAME data showed that organic C, microbial biomass, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate-extractable P were significantly correlated with variation in the EL-FAME profiles, whereas pH, electrical conductivity, NH₄-N, CO₂-C respiration and the microbial quotient were significantly correlated with variation in the PL-FAME profiles. Redundancy analysis of the Biolog data indicated that cation exchange capacity and bicarbonate-extractable K were significantly correlated with the variation in Biolog substrate utilization patterns. Received: 8 March 2000