4种室内观赏植物对苯气体胁迫的反应

[目的]研究室内观赏植物对苯气体的胁迫。[方法]用移液枪在密封仓中分别注入102、04、0和80μl的苯溶液对4种室内观赏植物进行胁迫处理。[结果]结果表明,4种植物净化苯污染的能力存在显著差异。通过测定生理指标,4种植物耐苯胁迫的能力也存在显著差异,其中玉吊钟(Kalanchoe fedtschenkoiHamet et Perr.)和木立芦荟(Aloe arborescens Mill.)的耐苯胁迫能力较强;绒毛掌(Echeveria pulv-inata (Hook.) Rose)和莲花掌(Aeonium arboretum(L.) Webb. et Berth.)的耐苯胁迫能力相对较差。[结论]该研究为这4种观赏植物在室内吸收净化苯气体污染推广提供科学数据。     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.     

3种作物幼苗对空气中苯的吸收和下行传输作用研究

[目的]研究玉米、番茄、空心菜幼苗对空气中苯的吸收和下行传输作用。[方法]采用营养液水培方式,利用玻璃密封箱进行苯污染处理,采用气相色谱法测定不同吸收时间植物根际溶液和玻璃箱中苯浓度变化情况。[结果]玻璃密封箱中空气中苯的浓度为5.90 mg/L,吸收时间为1 h时即可从玉米、番茄、空心菜根际溶液中检测出苯;24 h后玉米、番茄、空心菜幼苗的Cr/Cp值分别为0.46±0.05、0.14±0.02、0.22±0.02;玉米、番茄、空心菜幼苗对空气中苯的传输效率随吸收时间的延长迅速降低,吸收时间为1 h时传输效率分别为(169.52±22.12)、(13.20±0.80)、(1.14±0.52)μg/(h·g)FW。[结论]3种作物幼苗地上部分均可快速吸收空气中的苯,并通过体内下行传输及根释放作用将其转移至根际溶液中,且对空气中的苯均具有较强的传输能力。     

7种(品种)冬青属植物对苯气体胁迫的反应

用移液枪在密封仓中分别注入10μL、20μL、40μL和80μL的苯溶液对7种(品种)冬青属植物进行胁迫处理.结果表明:7种(品种)冬青树种净化苯污染的能力存在显著差异.7种(品种)冬青净化苯污染能力依次是:钝齿冬青、'金宝石'冬青、'蓝少女'冬青、全缘冬青、大别山冬青、刺叶冬青、冬青.生理指标测定表明,7种(品种)冬青树种耐苯胁迫的能力也存在显著差异,其中大别山冬青和刺叶冬青耐苯胁迫能力较强;'蓝少女'冬青、钝齿冬青和全缘冬青耐苯胁迫能力一般;冬青和'金宝石'冬青耐苯胁迫能力相对较差.     

气相色谱法测定水中苯系物气液平衡条件研究

建立气液平衡-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的检测方法。通过确立该检测方法的条件试验,如色谱条件、气/液平衡条件等,进行气液平衡-毛细管柱气相色谱法的方法学试验。结果表明,3种组分在11 min内完成测定并具有较好的分离效果,苯的保留时间为2.6228 min,甲苯为3.9623 min,二甲苯为7.1101 min。该方法在2~10 mg/L浓度范围内可获得较好的直线方程,相关系数为0.960965~0.997645,精密度(RSD)为3.37%~11.36%,回收率为86.7%~112.0%。此方法操作简便、重现性好,提高了灵敏度,适用于检测水中苯系物的含量。     

Method Dependency in the Measurement of BTEX Levels in Contaminated Soil

Environmental consultants and analytical laboratories are increasingly realizing the importance of analytical method selection and validation for the reliable measurement of soil contamination. Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) is one class of environmentally significant soil contamination for which testing is required by regulatory authorities in most industrialized countries. Unfortunately, in most guidelines there is a lack of direction for the selection of a testing method for BTEX and, in practice, any one of a variety of methods may be employed. The fact that these may not all yield comparable results is a source of much frustration in the industry and there is a paucity of published research into this problem. In a number of carefully controlled experiments, the method dependency of measured BTEX levels in contaminated soil samples has been investigated. Three commonly employed methods, namely, (methanol extraction) purge-and-trap/gas chromatography with mass selective detection (P&T/GCMSD), headspace/GCMSD and dichloromethane (DCM) extraction/gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GCFID) have been compared in the analysis of 109 gasoline-contaminated soil samples collected from station sites in Melbourne, Australia. Measurable BTEX concentrations were recorded in 92% of the samples using P&T/GCMSD, 59% using DCM/GCFID, and 40% using headspace/GCMSD. Correspondingly, the magnitudes of the recovered concentrations were significantly higher by P&T/GCMSD than by DCM/GCFID, which in turn were significantly higher than the magnitudes determined by headspace/GCMSD. These trends are evident for both clay and sandy soils. These studies clearly demonstrate that, for the three commonly employed methods described, measured BTEX levels are extraction and analytical method dependent in at least two different soil types.     

吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定地表水中苯系物

采用吹扫捕集和气相色谱-质谱联用对地表水中苯系物进行检测。结果表明,水样的加标回收率在85％～115％,最低检测限在0．08～0．21∥L,相关系数大于0．9994,浓度2μg/L的苯系物标准溶液经重复6次测定,其相对标准偏差基本小于8．0％。该方法灵敏度高,受干扰少,定性和定量准确,操作简单快速。各指标均符合地表水环境质量标准的要求,适合地表水中苯系物的分析测定。     

土壤苯污染引起的饮用地下水健康风险评价

由于污染场地所引起的生态环境、食品安全和人体健康问题,污染场地的环境风险评价受到广泛关注。以某水源地油和苯等有机污染调查为依据,利用多介质暴露评价模型(MMSOILS模型),以苯为评价的目标污染物,分析烯烃厂不同分区的土壤苯污染对A地区造成的饮用地下水健康风险。结果表明,研究区4个分区中,裂解装置区的苯污染物释放是A地区地下水污染的主要来源,产生的饮水健康风险值为9.82×10-5,占总风险值的98.8%;而其他三个分区的影响较小;不同分区苯污染对A地区产生的饮水健康总风险值为9.94×10-5,大于美国环境保护署人体健康风险建议值10-6,对人体健康已经产生影响;裂解装置区的土壤苯污染作为饮水健康风险的主要来源,当其浓度值降低至1.32mgkg-1时,才能使其造成的饮水健康风险降低为10-6。     

Pyrogenic carbon quantity and quality unchanged after 55 years of organic matter depletion in a Chernozem

Chernozems typically have large stocks of organic carbon and of fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC). PyC had been considered to be slowly released but new results challenged this assumption, indicating that PyC can be lost within decades. We analyzed total soil organic carbon and PyC content (detectable as benzene polycarboxylic acids) in bulk samples, light and heavy fractions from a 55 year old bare fallow and a nearby steppe soil. Loss of PyC stock due to the long-term fallow management was much smaller (6%) than for soil organic carbon (33%), and we detected no changes in the degree of aromatic condensation of PyC. Most (70%) of the PyC was associated with the heavy fraction, and less with the light fraction (30%) pointing to organo-mineral interactions as important stabilizing processes.     

木质炭化物对挥发性有机污染物吸附性能的研究

本文探讨了炭化温度对木材炭化物的得率 ,还原性 ,pH值 ,苯蒸气、三氯甲烷蒸气吸着率的影响。结果表明 ,30 0～ 90 0℃的炭化温度下 ,木炭的得率随着炭化温度升高而下降 ,并在 6 9 8%～ 2 0 6 %的范围内变化。炭化温度为 70 0℃时 ,产物木炭的比表面积最大 ;80 0℃时 ,木炭元素组成中的 (C H) O的摩尔比值最大 ,这意味着该木炭的还原性最大。木炭水溶液的pH值随着炭化温度上升而增加 ,炭化温度小于 5 5 0℃时呈酸性 ,大于 5 5 0℃时为碱性。炭化温度对木炭环境净化能力有显著的影响 ,6 0 0℃炭化得到的木炭对三氯甲烷蒸气的吸附率最大 ,高达8 5 % ,约为 30 0℃时的 5倍 ;80 0℃炭化得到的木炭对苯蒸气的吸附率最大 ,达 5 % ,约为 30 0℃时的 5倍左右。