Thermal,structural and functional properties of rice bran defatted with alcoholic solvents

Samples from combinations of different alcoholic extraction process parameters of rice bran oil, solvents (ethanol or isopropanol) and temperatures (60 or 80 °C) were evaluated and compared with samples from industrial processing regarding the physicochemical, structural and functional characteristics of the defatted meal since these properties are directly associated with the quality of the products. The results obtained for solids from alcoholic extraction did not differ significantly from those obtained from industrial processing using hexane. Although the use of alcohols and high temperatures led to reductions in the nitrogen solubility (21% to 13.5–16.7%), emulsifying activity (31% to 14–25%) and thermal stability, possibly as a function of protein structural modifications due to denaturation, stable foams were produced (26–50%), and adequate values for the water and oil absorption capacities were determined (4 and 3 g/g sample), allowing the application of this material in baking and meat products.     

Effect of germination time and temperature on the functionality and protein solubility of sorghum flour

Sorghum was germinated for different time (12, 24, 36 and 48 h) at different temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C) and the changes in their nutritional and functional properties of germinated sorghum flour were assessed and compared with native sorghum flour. Germination inversely affects the crude protein, fat, fibre and ash content. A decrease in water absorption and swelling power and increase in oil absorption capacity was observed due to enzymatic starch modification as the germination duration progressed. Germination of sorghum increased the gel consistency while paste clarity was decreased as compared to native flour. Proteins were modified by action of enzymes during higher germination time and temperature conditions, which results in significantly higher protein solubility of germinated sorghum flour, which also result in enhancing the foaming and emulsifying properties of the flour. Lowest % synersis value and least gelation concentrations were observed in native sorghum has, which increased during germination and were highest in sorghum germinated for 48 h at 35 °C. Germination in overall can be used as low cost natural bio-processing technique for the preparation of modified flour with enhanced function properties without chemical modification or genetic engineering.     

一水肌酸对杜浙猪肉质性状、肌肉磷酸原代谢、纤维类型特征及蛋白质溶解度的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮添加一水肌酸(CMH)对杜浙猪肉质性状、肌肉磷酸原代谢、纤维类型特征及蛋白质溶解性的影响。试验选取体重70 kg左右杜浙猪30头,随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复3头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5%CMH,试验期30 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,饲粮添加CMH对杜浙猪生长性能无显著影响(P0.05),使背最长肌宰后24 h p H和剪切力显著增加(P0.05),滴水损失和压榨损失显著降低(P0.05),背最长肌的肌酸(Cr)总量、磷酸肌酸(PCr)储备量、肌酸激酶(CK)活性、白蛋白及肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著增加(P0.05),背最长肌肌球蛋白重链(My HC)Ⅱa mRNA比例显著降低(P0.05)。结果提示,饲粮添加CMH对杜浙猪肉质性状具有调控作用,对肌肉磷酸原代谢能力、蛋白质溶解度及肉品系水力产生显著影响。     

果胶酶对樱桃提汁效果的研究

采用酶解法提取樱桃汁,研究果胶酶不同浓度对樱桃出汁率的影响,并通过对汁液的澄清度、可溶性固形物含量和透光率的测定分析,确定提汁的最佳果胶酶浓度。实验结果表明,果胶酶对樱桃出汁率的影响较显著。在室温下,添加不同的果胶酶量0,0.02%,0.04%,0.06%,0.08%,0.10%,0.12%,酶解8 h后,测得酶质量分数为0.10%时的出汁率最高,达到59.7%,比对照组提高了14%,并且极大地降低了果汁的黏度,使果汁澄清度加大,可溶性固形物含量明显提高。实验结果还表明,澄清樱桃汁的最大透光率波长为620 nm,当果胶酶质量分数达到0.10%时,汁液的透光率达到92%,可溶性固形物含量为13.8%,樱桃汁的品质比对照组都有较大的提高。     

花生蛋白溶解性和乳化性的研究

采用碱性提取和等电点法分离出花生蛋白并研究了花生蛋白粉的功能特性,探讨了不同蛋白浓度、pH值、温度和离子强度对其溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响。当pH值在4.5-5.5范围内为其等电点,此时花生蛋白的溶解性最低;在0-1mol/L浓度范围内,NaCl和CaCl2可以提高花生蛋白的溶解性;当温度超过60℃时,为花生蛋白溶液大幅度变性的临界温度,其溶解度下降;花生蛋白的质量分数达到6%时,对乳化性和乳化稳定性几乎没有什么影响,NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L时乳化性能最好。     

成灰温度对三种生物质灰及其元素水溶性的影响

生物质灰及灰中化学元素的水溶特性是其是否能作为肥料应用的主要指标,成灰温度会影响这些特性。该文试验研究了成灰温度在400~800℃范围内,3种主要农业废弃物麦秸、玉米秸、稻壳的灰的水溶性和灰中各元素的水溶性。结果表明:1)麦秸灰、玉米秸灰的水溶性明显高于稻壳灰,三者水溶性都随成灰温度增高而显著降低,温度从400升高到800℃,水溶性分别从48%,35%和12%降至约12%,8%和0。2)灰中水溶元素主要有K,Cl和S,其中,K和Cl的水溶性随着成灰温度升高而降低,而S的水溶性几乎不受成灰温度的影响。     

Irrigation with plant extracts in ecofarming increases biomass production and mineral and organic nitrogen content of plants

Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot (PE, 9.84 g dry weight l^–1) or a solution of Ca, K, Mg, P, and NO₃‐N salts (SS) in a concentration similar to that in PE, for 31–48 days. In comparison to water‐irrigated controls, both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %), whereas PE‐treated plants had higher fresh weights (38–84 %) due to increased succulence. Treatment with SS did not enhance, but sometimes even reduce, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elements in shoot tissues. In contrast, PE‐treated plants had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents and were thus of higher nutritive value. Reduced contents of metals in plant tissue correlated with their reduced solubility in the soil solution, which was not due to changes in pH. Fertilizer components such as K and Mg (metals of lower exchange intensity) were incorporated into the soil to release Ca, Sr, and Ba (metals of higher exchange intensity) and reduce the solubility of most trace elements and metal‐complexing humic substances. In addition, application of Ca precipitated heavy metals and humic complexes directly from the soil solution. This effect was partially overcome by PE. Its carboxylic acids could act as phytochelators of metal ions and as mobilizers of the highly diffusible humic substances which carry metals to roots. It is concluded that continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO₃‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals to the plant‐soil system.     

2—巯基苯并噻唑羧酸衍生物的润滑性

２－巯基苯并噻唑是已知的防锈剂。本研究利用巯基的反应性能，合成了它的羧酸衍生物，进行了澜生和防锈性测试，表明这是一类具有润滑和防锈双重功能的新型水溶添加剂。     

乳粉溶解度测定的不确定度评定

[目的]研究乳粉溶解度的不确定度评定。[方法]根据《GB 5413.29—2010 食品安全国家标准婴幼儿食品和乳品溶解性的测定》中的第二法溶解度的测定来测定乳粉的溶解度。通过分析不确定度的来源,建立完整的数学模型,对模型中的各影响因素的不确定度进行评定和计算,合成相对标准不确定度,计算相对扩展不确定度。[结果]当取置信度为95%时,得到的乳粉溶解度：X=（99.97±1.60） g/100 g,取k=2,扩展不确定度为U=1.60 g/100 g。[结论]该方法可以为乳粉溶解度的不确定度评定提供参考依据。