基于GODAS资料的南海上层海洋热状态气候变化特征分析

为了深入了解南海上层海洋热力状态的变化规律,利用1980—2015年共36年GODAS月平均海温资料,将5~366 m的垂直平均海温表征南海地区海洋上层的热含量,分析了南海海洋上层热状态的水平和垂直分布特征以及季节和年际变化特征。结果表明：年平均南海热含量水平分布表现为东高西低的形势,垂直纬向平均分布表现为暖水厚度和温跃层深度东厚（深）西薄（浅）,垂直经向平均表现为暖水厚度南厚北薄,温跃层深度中间浅两边深;南海地区海温变化幅度在75~200 m处最大,不同深度海温距平均具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征;南海区域平均热含量在秋季最高,春夏次之,冬季最低,其年际变化明显,且在1998年之后出现明显的突变,由负值转变为正值,表现出明显的增温趋势;热含量季节EOF主模态空间分布形势表现为东高西低的特征,对应的时间序列在20世纪90年代末存在年代际转折,由主要为负值转化为主要为正值,表现在空间分布上,则为南海地区热含量由西高东低型转化为东高西低型。     

液下泵内部非定常流动及噪声特性

为研究液下泵内部流动的非定常特性及噪声规律,通过采用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS CFX15.0与LMS Virtual.lab声学仿真软件相结合的一种间接混合计算方法,对液下泵内部流场及其声场进行求解.在该计算方法中,对流场进行求解得到监测点的非定常压力脉动,从而获得非稳态的压力脉动频域特性规律;基于声学边界元法,对液下泵蜗壳偶极子内场噪声和叶片偶极子内场噪声进行求解,获得了边界元表面的声压级分布以及典型场点的声压频率曲线.计算结果表明:叶片扫掠过程中与蜗壳隔舌的相互作用产生较大的压力脉动,隔舌附近的噪声是流动噪声的主要噪声源;声压级在叶片通过频率及其谐频时达到极大值,随频率的增大,声压级极大值都呈现衰减状态.研究结果可为液下泵的后续降噪分析提供一定的理论基础.     

Movement patterns of seaward migrating European eel (Anguilla anguilla) at a complex of riverine barriers: implications for conservation

River infrastructure such as weirs and hydropower stations commonly present migrating fish with multiple potential passage routes. Knowledge of the cues fish use to navigate such environments is required to protect migrants from hazardous areas and guide them towards safe passage; however, this is currently lacking for many species. Employing high‐resolution positioning telemetry, this study examined movements of downstream migrating adult European eel, Anguilla anguilla, as they encountered a complex of water control structures in one location on the River Stour, southern England. The distribution of eels across five potential routes of passage differed from that predicted based on proportion of discharge alone. Certain routes were consistently avoided, even when the majority of flow passed through them. Passage distribution was partially explained by avoidance in the vicinity of a floating debris boom. Movement paths were nonrandomly distributed across the forebay and eels moved predominantly within a zone 2–4 m from the channel walls. Understanding of avoidance and structure oriented movementation exhibited by eels will help advance effective guidance and downstream passage solutions for adults.     

纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置设计与试验

针对马铃薯种薯切块机械化程度低的问题,设计了一种纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置,对其关键部件进行设计,通过对马铃薯种薯切割过程的力学分析、运动学分析和能量学分析,建立了切种能量的数学模型,确定了影响马铃薯切种效果的主要因素。以切种效率、切种合格率为评价指标,以圆盘刀半径、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距、圆盘刀轴转速和夹持辊轴转速为试验因素,进行了四因素四水平正交试验。对正交试验结果进行方差和极差分析,结果表明:当圆盘刀半径为180 mm、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距为190 mm、圆盘刀轴转速为115 r/min、夹持辊轴转速为56 r/min时,切种效率为74.5 kg/min,切种合格率为98.8%,满足马铃薯切种作业要求。     

北沟林场精品流域区华北落叶松林分结构研究

通过对北沟林场精品流域区华北落叶松林分结构进行研究,结果表明:在树种组成复杂程度上,落阔混交林大于华北落叶松纯林,而且落阔混交林的树种组成比纯林更加合理,结构更加稳定,在空间利用上也更加充分;在水平结构上,各树种直径大小分布均匀程度比较:落阔混交林大于华北落叶松纯林;在垂直结构上,落阔混交林有分层现象,但差异不明显,而华北落叶松纯林无明显分层。     

Movement and thermal niche of the first satellite‐tagged Mediterranean spearfish (Tetrapturus belone)

The Mediterranean spearfish (Tetrapturus belone) is one of the least‐studied istiophorid billfishes, with little known of its biology, ecology, and behavior. To assess the species’ movement and thermal niche, we analyzed telemetry data from, to our knowledge, the first and only Mediterranean spearfish ever outfitted with a pop‐up satellite archival transmitting tag. Throughout a 29‐day deployment during July and August 2015, the fish travelled in Italian waters of the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas, spending on average 93% of each 24‐hr period above 30 m and exhibiting a diel activity pattern comprised of daytime vertical movement and nighttime near‐surface residency. The preferred thermal niche was 26–28°C, but the spearfish experienced temperatures as low as 14.2°C during descents. Vertical distribution was limited throughout the deployment with more time spent at depth in areas where the thermocline was comparatively deeper and weaker, consistent with habitat compression experienced by other billfishes.     

Diel vertical migration of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)

To investigate their diel vertical migration (DVM), 599 sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) were implanted with electronic archival tags in the Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and the eastern Bering Sea. Of these tags, 98 were recovered with usable depth data (7,852,773 recordings representing 81,233 days) that we used to identify DVM and to classify DVM into one of two types: normal DVM (rise from the bottom during nighttime) and reverse DVM (rise from the bottom during daytime). The results of our study highlight three important attributes of DVM for sablefish. First, all tagged sablefish carried out DVM, although the occurrence was intermittent (26% of the days with usable data) and most commonly for short durations (10 days or less). Second, bottom depth for normal DVM was about 78 m shallower than for reverse DVM. Third, normal DVM occurred most often in fall and least often in spring, whereas this high/low pattern was shifted about 3 months later for reverse DVM; reverse DVM occurred most often in winter and least often in summer. Normal DVM likely occurred to increase foraging opportunity (e.g., nightly shift to match depth of prey). Reverse DVM more commonly occurred during winter and may represent an increase in foraging by sablefish during the daytime to compensate for decreased pelagic resources. The default foraging strategy for sablefish may be benthic because of the uncertainty of vertically migrating to a location where the occurrence of prey is not guaranteed; sablefish may invoke DVM when the non‐DVM foraging benefit is reduced.     

风力发电场进场道路曲线设计应注意的问题

风能已成为世界上增长最快的清洁可再生能源,风力发电世界各国争相发展.然而我省风力发电项目进展较为缓慢,主要原因在于,我省公路网密度较低,许多公路等级偏低,平面线性较差,运输风电设备的长货车通行较困难.风电路的设计有一定的特殊性,我们在进行风电路设计时不能照搬规范上的数据,特殊数值需要通过计算求得,以保证风电设备的顺利运输.     

考虑植株氮垂直分布的夏玉米营养诊断敏感位点筛选

探明夏玉米氮素营养生化指标(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶片氮含量和叶片氮积累量)与叶片SPAD值垂直分布特征及两者间定量回归关系,确立基于叶绿素仪的夏玉米氮营养无损诊断敏感叶位和叶片部位,以实现氮营养时空变化的快捷和精准监测。利用2018-2019年连续2季不同氮营养水平下夏玉米关键生育期主茎各叶位(顶1叶~顶12叶,TL1~TL12)和叶片部位(每张叶片从叶片基部开始根据叶片长度每20%分为1个测试区间) SPAD值及氮营养指标数据,研究基于偏最小二乘(partial least square, PLS)回归模型的夏玉米不同位点SPAD值与氮营养指标间关系,确定可稳定指示夏玉米氮营养空间异质性变化的敏感叶位及叶片部位。结果表明,不同叶位间夏玉米叶片SPAD值和氮营养指标于植株间分布均呈典型的"钟型"特征,至TL5或TL6时达至峰值。同一叶位不同部位间SPAD值由20%至100%位点时则逐步升高,且80%~100%位点间无显著差异(P>0.05)。PLS分析结果显示,夏玉米不同叶位SPAD值与氮营养指标间模型精度决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)范围分别为0.693~0.821和1.425~2.744。不同测试位点R2和RPD值范围则分别为0.660~0.847和1.607~2.451,满足模型精确诊断需求。此后,基于PLS模型中各叶位和叶片部位无量纲评价指标变量重要性投影值(variable importance for projection,VIP),确定顶4叶(TL4)完展叶60%~80%区间为夏玉米氮营养诊断的敏感区域,VIP值均高于临界值1.40,预测效果较为理想。研究可为实现氮营养的高效、快捷诊断和精准施氮提供参考。     

储料竖向压力对粮仓中小麦粮堆湿热传递的影响

粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力分别为50、100、150 kPa条件下小麦粮堆湿热传递情况。试验结果表明:竖向压力增加,粮堆孔隙率减小,热量通过粮食籽粒间传导增加,传递速率加快,竖向压力从50 kPa增大至150 k Pa,粮温较入仓时下降约0.5~1.3℃,温度梯度变化率达8.7%,不同压力下粮堆高温区面积随储藏时间呈幂函数减小。粮堆内湿空气在边界处累积至峰值时会有部分湿空气向粮堆内迁移。粮堆中部与靠近低温边界温差大于6.3℃时,粮堆内湿空气扩散加快,粮堆中部平均相对湿度下降速率随竖向压力增加而加快。研究结果可为散装粮堆多场耦合研究提供理论支持。