野生大豆资源的研究现状与发展前景

本文对野生大豆种质资源的起源、新型应用、以及未来发展进行了阐述。对其遗传性状进行了简单分析,并从国内分布的地理位置、种质资源发展所需要面对的一些问题进行了探讨。为野生大豆资源的相关研究提供参考。     

黑龙江盘中自然保护区总体规划探讨

在黑龙江盘中自然保护区区位、用地和资源的现状分析基础上,对保护区进行类型划分,确定保护区主要保护对象和规划目标,划分出保护区的核心区、缓冲区、实验区三大功能区域的范围和面积,进而再对保护区的规划管理设施和规划管理措施进行总体探讨,从而保证黑龙江盘中自然保护区的可持续发展。     

Threats to at-risk salmonids of the Canadian Rocky Mountain region

Trout and charr, members of the salmonid family, have high conservation value but are also susceptible to anthropogenic threats in part due to the specificity of their habitat requirements. Understanding historical and future threats facing these species is necessary to promote their recovery. Of freshwater trout and charr in the Canadian Rocky Mountain region, westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus; a charr species) and Athabasca rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are of conservation concern. And indeed, range contractions and declining populations are evident throughout much of their ranges. Range contraction was most evident in the southern Alberta designatable unit (DU) of westslope cutthroat trout. Diminished populations were also evident in the downstream watersheds of the Alberta bull trout range, and throughout the Athabasca rainbow trout range. We assessed historical and future threats to evaluate the relative importance of individual threats to each DU and compare their impact among species. Individual threats fall into the broad categories of angling, non-native species and genes, habitat loss and alteration, and climate change. Severity of each threat varies by DU and reflects the interaction between species’ biology and the location of the DU. Severity of threats facing each DU has changed over time, reflecting extirpation of native populations, changes in management and industry best practices, expansion of non-native species and progressing climate change. The overall threat impact for each DU indicates a high probability of substantial and continuing declines and calls for immediate action.     

我国食用菌产业发展现状及产业升级路径分析

对我国食用菌产业发展现状进行梳理,指出我国食用菌行业主要存在的问题不仅是开发规模小、科技含量低,而且品种质量参差不齐、销售渠道不畅、食用菌产品存在滞销等。构建面板数据模型探究影响我国食用菌产业升级的主要影响因素,结果表明,食用菌年度生产总量、食用菌行业从业人员总数、出口贸易总额、固定资产投资、居民消费支出水平与食用菌产业结构升级之间为显著的正相关关系,基于此提出了助力我国食用菌产业升级的政策。     

2000年来中国水产养殖发展趋势和方向

中国是世界最大的水产养殖国家，为全球粮食安全和营养供应做出了重要贡献。在新的社会发展阶段，中国水产养殖需要解决与粮食安全、减贫和提供就业、食品安全和环境保护等相关的复杂且敏感的问题，以期达到更加可持续地发展。本文系统综述了2000年来中国水产养殖发展趋势、存在问题和发展方向。中国水产养殖业自2000年以来获得了持续的发展，集约化水平不断提高，新增的特种养殖品种使得产业多样化水平增加，一些传统的养殖模式逐渐消失，而新的养殖技术和模式不断涌现。中国水产养殖的变化和发展响应了社会发展对水产养殖业的需求。然而中国水产养殖目前仍面临诸如生态环境、科技水平、产品供应结构、小农生产和政策风险等亟待解决的问题。随着中国社会发展和经济水平不断进步，发展水产养殖的主要侧重点也逐渐从提供食物到提供就业和发展经济，再到环境保护和食品安全。中国水产养殖业需要充分利用最新的设施装备技术、信息技术、遗传育种技术、营养饲料和病害防治技术促进水产养殖业发展，努力提高水产养殖业规模化和组织化，促进渔业“一、二、三产”协同发展，并在新形势下逐渐走向国际化和可持续发展的道路。     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

基于文献计量的国际有机农业生物多样性研究现状与热点分析

为探究有机农业生物多样性这一领域的研究现状、热点与态势,基于Web of Science数据库,利用文献计量分析方法,对1986—2019年有机农业生物多样性领域研究文献的发文量、研究力量的分布及合作、期刊分布、研究热点和主题等方面进行数据挖掘和可视化分析。研究表明:检索到的文献最早发表于1996年,2005年之前此领域处于初步发展期,2005年进入稳步增长期,文献数量总体呈逐年增多的趋势。研究主要集中在欧洲和北美发达国家,如德国、美国、英国和瑞典等;发文量最多的机构是法国国家农业研究所和瑞典农业科学大学;学者Tscharntke T发文量最多,近5年Batáry P发文量较多;刊文量最多的期刊是《Agriculture EcosystemsEnvironment》《Journal of Applied Ecology》和《Sustainability》,刊文量前16的期刊中《Journal of Applied Ecology》影响因子最高(6.533)。德国和英国与其他国家合作交流频繁,瑞典农业科学大学和慕尼黑工业大学是机构合作网络的两个中心,Tscharntke T和Bommarco R等较多学者表现出紧密合作的学术形式。通过关键词共现分析发现,国际研究热点从仅关注种植模式对生物多样性影响的基础性研究,逐步拓展到不同尺度或景观复杂性对有机农业生物多样性和生态系统服务影响的应用型研究。我国研究起步较晚,发文量和篇均被引频次等与欧美国家还存在差距,但近5年发文量增长较快,具有良好的发展趋势。今后此领域仍将是全球有机农业研究和实践的热点方向,涉及多尺度、多学科交叉融合的基础性研究和地域性应用研究仍是未来研究的重点。     

达州市水果产业发展现状及思考

分析了达州市水果产业的发展现状,包括树种结构、果品生产、贮藏加工、销售、组织管理等方面;找出了存在的问题,提出了发展对策。     

长三角地区某市垃圾焚烧行业环保现状调查研究

对长三角地区某市垃圾焚烧行业的环保现状进行了调查研究,结果发现:当前区域垃圾焚烧企业,在保证规模、控制数量及地域上均衡布置的前提下,行业废水、废气污染治理设施齐全,废水、废气均稳定可达标排放,调查时段内未有投诉问题。区域垃圾焚烧行业在做到当下要求的情况下,实现了区域垃圾焚烧行业污染可控,对城市垃圾焚烧行业环保发展具备借鉴意义。