The life cycle of Henneguya nuesslini Schuberg & Schroder, 1905 (Myxozoa) involves a triactinomyxon-type actinospore

The life cycle of the histozoic myxozoan parasite Henneguya nuesslini was investigated in two salmonid host species. Naive brown trout, Salmo trutta, and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were experimentally infected in two trials by triactinomyxon type actinospores from naturally infected Tubifex tubifex. In exposed common carp, Cyprinus carpio, no myxospore production was detected. The parasite formed cysts with mature myxospores in the connective tissue of the fish 102 days post-exposure. The morphology of both actinosporean and myxosporean stages was described by light microscopy and a 1417-bp fragment of the 18S rDNA gene was sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed the absolute congruence of the two developmental stages and assisted in determining species identity. Host range, tissue specificity and myxospore measurements provided sufficiently distinctive features to confirm species validity and were thus crucial for identification. The triactinomyxon spores had 16 secondary germ cells, unique dimensions, a very opaque sporoplasm matrix and three conspicuously protruding, pyriform polar capsules. This is the first record of a Henneguya sp. life cycle with a triactinomyxon-type actinospore, which suggests a close relationship with the Myxobolus group and a polyphyletic origin of the genus Henneguya.     

胭脂虫的形态分类及生物学特性概述

对胭脂虫的形态，分类及生物学特性进行了概述，雌成虫卵形或球形，体被白色蜡粉或蜡丝，去蜡后，虫体呈紫红色，头部和胸部愈合，腹部分10节，有很多腺孔，所有的腺孔均为5分室类型，分为窄边孔和宽边孔2类，不同类型腺孔的结构和分布是胭脂虫分类的基础、胭脂虫属于洋红蚧科洋红蚧属，该属含9个种，其体液含红色素，并且只寄生在仙人掌科植物上，雌虫具4个发育阶段；卵，1龄若虫（爬虫），2龄若虫，成虫，雄虫具6个发育阶段；卵，1龄若虫，2龄若虫，前蛹，蛹，成虫。     

重庆市双向熊虫属(真缓步纲,高生科)2个新记录种记述

记述了重庆市2个缓步动物新记录种,它们是Diphascon scoticum Murray,1905(真缓步纲,高生科)和Diphascon patanei Binda & Pilato,1971(真缓步纲,高生科).     

Relationship between morphological variation and geographical origin or selection history in Lupinus pilosus

Patterns of morphological diversity were examined in Lupinus pilosus in relation to geographical origins or selection history of accessions. There was significant variation among accessions for most architectural and reproductive characters in a field experiment in Perth, Western Australia. Late flowering was associated with resetted early growth, profuse branching and collection in higher rainfall sites. High yield and profuse podding on the main stem was associated with large pods and leaves, many seeds per pod, greater height to the first main-stem pod, and collection in higher altitude sites. Ten groups of accessions, identified by hierarchical cluster analysis, accounted for 79% of genotype and 69% of genotype x character sums of squares. One group, possibly taxonomically distinct from the others, consisted exclusively of wild types from northern Israel with poor pod set and low seed yield, poor nodulation, pale foliage, and small leaves. Wild types from Turkey and Crete had rosetted early growth and were late flowering, and the Turkish group had extremely rapid mid-season growth. Ornamental types from Europe or Australia with pink, purple or white flowers clustered together in an early flowering group with vigorous early growth. A smooth-seeded type of L. pilosus was discovered in a group of short, late flowering and rough-seeded types from Syria.     

RAPD analysis of interspecific relationships in presumably apomictic Cotoneaster species

A few of the approximately 300 Cotoneaster species described are diploid but the majority appear to be polyploid. The occurrence of apomixis inpolyploid Cotoneaster species has been reported but never proven with genetic markers. We have used 76 polymorphic RAPD markers to investigate the breeding system and phenetic grouping of some critical taxa, including a total of 19 plant accessions representing 13 mostly European species in the series Cotoneaster. Three to four individual plants, raised from seed from the same original plant, were analyzed for each of three accessions to investigate the possible occurrence of apomictic seed set. Absolutely congruent RAPD profiles were encountered among seedlings from one accession, whereas we found one or two marker differences among seedlings from the other two accessions. Genetic similarities among the different accessions were analyzed with a UPGMA-derived dendrogram. The most deviant taxon was the Chinese C. albokermesinus. A group withC. soczavianus and C. tomentosus was rather isolated from the remainder, as was also C. kullensis. Among the remaining taxa, two well supported clusters were found: (1) C. antoninae and C. uralensis, and (2) C. integerrimus and C. raboutensis, whereas the other five species (C. canescens, C. niger, C. scandinavicus, C. juranus, C. cambricus) formed a poorly supported cluster with no clear substructuring. A principal coordinate analysis yielded results that were in good correspondence with the dendrogram. Again C. albokermesinus appears to be totally isolated from the other species. In addition, two well-defined and rather isolated groups were found: (1) C. tomentosus and C. soczavianus, and (2) C. antoninae and C. uralensis, with the remainder comprising a loosely defined group. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ecuador, 1991 potato germplasm collecting expedition: taxonomy and new germplasm resources

Summary We conducted a joint Ecuador/Colombia/United States wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) germplasm collecting expedition in Ecuador from April 13–July 1, 1991. The goals of the expedition were to collect germplasm and study the species boundaries of all of the 25 Ecuadorian taxa accepted by current taxonomists. We made 126 collections of 24 of these 25 taxa, 113 as germplasm samples, 13 only as herbarium collections. We synonymize six of these 25 names (S. baezense Ochoa, S. cyanophyllum Correll, S. pichinchense Bitter & Sodiro, S. serratoris Ochoa, S. suffrutescens Correll as synonyms of S. andreanum Baker; S. correllii Ochoa as a synonym of S. regularifolium Correll). Four other names (S. chomatophilum f. angustifoliolum Correll, S. moscopanum Hawkes, S. solisii Hawkes, S. tundalomense Ochoa) could not be consistently distinguished from S. colombianum Dunal in the field. We are currently investigating them to determine their species status.     

Armillaria species on tea in Kenya identified using isozyme and DNA sequence comparisons

The aim of this study was to identify seven Armillaria isolates obtained from diseased tea bushes in Kenya using pectic enzyme profiles, PCR-RFLP and IGS-I DNA sequence data. The combination of these identification methods confirmed the presence of three distinct Armillaria groups. One of these groups resembled Zimbabwean group I ( A. fuscipes ). The second group was phylogenetically closely related to A. mellea ssp. nipponica . The third group was different from all other African isolates examined, but had isozyme patterns, especially of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), similar to those of isolates related to A. mellea ssp. nipponica. Analyses of sequence data suggested that this group is phylogenetically closely related to A. hinnulea from Australia and New Zealand.     

The nature of the Bolivian weed potato species Solanum sucrense Hawkes

Summary Two theories for the origin of the Bolivian weed potato species Solanum sucrense Hawkes have been tested. The first was that it had an allopolyploid origin as a hybrid of the cultivated tetraploid S. tuberosum ssp. andigena (Juz. et Buk.) Hawkes with the wild/weed tetraploid cytotype of S. oplocense Hawkes. The second hypothesis postulated that it was a cross of the weed diploid species S. sparsipilum (Bitt.) Juz. et Buk. with S. oplocense.Synthetic hybrids of S. tuberosum ssp. andigena x S. oplocense and of S. sparsipilum x S. oplocense have been compared morphologically with S. sucrense accessions. Their crossability has also been investigated.The crossability and morphological studies strongly suggested that the former hypothesis was the more likely. This was borne out by observations made on the 1974 University of Birmingham Expedition when segregating populations of S. sucrense and S. oplocense were collected growing with feral S. tuberosum ssp. andigena.The evidence from this study indicates that the S. tuberosum ssp. andigena x S. oplocense hybrid has formed the basis of the S. sucrense gene pool. It is suggested that this hybridogenic taxon be maintained under the name Solanum x sucrense.The clarification of the taxonomic relationships of these three species will be of interest to Globodera resistance breeders, in view of the fact that these taxa are resistant to various pathotypes of the golden nematode.