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1.
ABSTRACT:   The effects caused by suspended particles in seawater and sediment cover of the substrate on the attachment to the substrate of zoospores, and on the subsequent growth and survival of gametophytes of the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis were examined in the laboratory. The attachment rate to the substrate of the zoospores was remarkably reduced by the sediment cover on the substrate, and it decreased to 3.8% of the no-sediment control by a slight sediment cover of 3.0 mg/cm2 (0.048 mm in thickness). The growth of gametophytes was not inhibited at 10 mg/cm2 or less of sediment cover, though it was stopped at 30 mg/cm2. The survival rate of gametophytes became 39.4% at 5 mg/cm2 on the substrate, and gametophytes were all blighted at 30 mg/cm2. The ratio of male to female of the surviving gametophytes became 81.5:18.5, when the sediment cover was 10 mg/cm2. The rate of total loss ( TL [%]) of zoospores and gametophytes of Eisenia bicyclis was obtained from the following equation: TL  = 100 (1 − exp[−0.0339  C ] exp[−1.24  Q ]), where, C (mg/L) and Q (mg/cm2) indicate the concentration of suspended particles in seawater and the sediment on the substrate, respectively.  相似文献   
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-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground   Sediments pose problems at their deposition sites when there is too little sediment (e.g. wetlands) or too much sediment (e.g. navigable waterways) and, additionally, when they are contaminated. These problems often have their origin upstream in the river catchment. Objective   Global aspects of changes concerning sediment quantity and quality, as they affect downstream areas, are reviewed. A case study of estuarine sediments demonstrates how a holistic approach helps in understanding and predicting their present and future quality. Results and Conclusions   Globally, large reservoirs intercept between 25 and 30% of the sediment and consequently supply the coast with impacts on wetlands and coastal morphology. In estuaries, the composition of sediments is determined by the mixing of marine sediments supplied from the coast and the supply by rivers. Natural tracers can be used to predict mixing ratios of marine to fluvial sediments in estuaries, and hence their contamination. Scenarios on implementation of pollution abatement, the implementation of regulations as well as climate change are needed to predict future sediment quality in downstream areas. The results show, even for a ‘green’ scenario, that sediment quality in the Rhine catchment will pose future problems due to the temporal storage of contaminants in soils and sediments.Recommendations and Outlook   The current methods applied make use of existing models linking sediment transport with point and diffuse sources in the river catchments and scenarios on the development of strength of point and diffuse sources. However, more effort is needed to come to a uniform framework which includes land use changes and links with more advanced scenario methodology for long to medium-term management of sediment quality and quantity in river catchments.  相似文献   
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To assess the role of muscle fiber type in beef taste‐traits, we analyzed cooked meats from bovine masseter, diaphragm, psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus muscles with an electric taste sensing system (INSENT SA402B). The system is composed of five taste sensors of polymer membranes fixing different lipids. The sensors, CT0, CA0, AAE, C00 and AE1 are designed to respond to the individual tastes of salty, sour, umami, bitter and astringent, respectively. The system found significant differences in the converted outputs of CA0 (cvCA0), C00 (cvC00) and AE1 (cvAE1) among the bovine muscles. The slow‐type muscles (masseter and diaphragm) showed lower cvCA0, higher cvC00, and higher cvAE1 than did the fast‐type muscles (psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus). Lactic acid content was different among muscle types and was highly related to the cvCA0 output and pH. carbonyl compounds and free fatty acids were higher in the slow‐type muscles. Free fatty acids were major components causing the difference in the C00 output among the muscle types. Iron content was also different among the muscle types and related to the cvC00 and cvAE1 outputs. These results suggested that the muscle fiber type affects the beef taste characteristics.  相似文献   
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Due to energy crises and stricter environmental regulations, renewable energy sources like bio‐methane produced by anaerobic digestion (biogas) become increasingly important. However, the application of slurries produced by biogas fermentation to agricultural land and subsequent ammonia emission may also create environmental risks to the atmosphere and to N‐limited ecosystems. Evaluating ammonia loss from agricultural land by model simulation is an important tool of agricultural‐systems analysis. The objective of this study was the systematical comparison of ammonia volatilization after application of two types of biogas slurries containing high amounts of energy crops in comparison with conventional animal slurries and to investigate the relative importance of factors affecting the emission process through an empirical model. A high number of ammonia‐loss field measurements were carried out in the years 2007/08 in biogas cropping systems in N Germany. The study consisted of simultaneous measurement of NH3 losses from animal and biogas slurries in multiple‐plot field experiments with different N‐fertilization levels. The derived empirical model for the calculation of NH3 losses based on explanatory variables gave good predictions of ammonia emission for both biogas and pig slurries. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE) of the empirical model for validation data were 2.19 kg N ha–1 (rRMSE 29%) and –1.19 kg N ha–1, respectively. Biogas slurries produced highest NH3 emissions compared to the two animal slurries. In view of the explanatory variables included in the model, total NH$ _4^+ $ application rate, slurry type, temperature, precipitation, crop type, and leaf‐area index were important for ammonia‐volatilization losses.  相似文献   
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Irrigation schemes with sediment‐laden water are generally performing significantly below expectation and potential. Managing such irrigation schemes is challenging as in most cases the management aspects of sediment transport were not included in the design process and in some cases the proposed management plans are difficult to follow. The sediment transport process is affected by the flow conditions in the canal, and the latter are affected by the canal operation modes. Hence, system management is one of the important aspects that influence the sediment transport process. The mathematical model SETRIC has been used to analyse the existing management mode and its effect on the sediment transport process of the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in Nepal. Evaluation showed that the sub‐secondary canals of the Secondary Canal S9 have different sediment transport capacities. Some canals are facing more deposition problems than others. The problem is further increased by the existing water delivery mode. The modelling results show that it is possible to reduce sedimentation problems by improving existing water management practices. The proposed water management plan, based on the existing infrastructure, could be implemented to address the sediment transport problems in this scheme and other schemes with appropriate adaptation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
7.
以某农村防洪工程为例,根据流域规划、工程现状、地形条件等因素,按照防洪标准,确定堤线布置形式。提出堤型方案,通过技术经济比较,确定合理堤型,即采用梯形断面均质土堤。  相似文献   
8.
尹联友 《森林工程》2004,20(2):49-51
采用优质粉煤灰与高效减水剂 ,调整骨料级配等技术途径配制高性能混凝土 ,使水泥用量大幅度降低 ,从而减少水化热和收缩、徐变 ,使绿色高性能混凝土成功地应用于桥梁工程中。  相似文献   
9.
The hippocampus is affected by various stimuli that include hyperglycemia, depression, and ischemia. Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) have protective roles in the response to such stimuli. However, little is known about the expression of CaBPs under diabetic conditions. This study was conducted to examine alterations in the physiological parameters with type 1 diabetes induced with streptozotocin (STZ) as well as time-dependent changes in the expression of two CaBPs changes of were being evaluated. Rats treated with STZ (70 mg/kg) had high blood glucose levels (>21.4 mmol/L) along with increased food intake and water consumption volumes compared to the sham controls. In contrast, body weight of the animals treated with STZ was significantly reduced compared to the sham group. CB-specific immunoreactivity was generally increased in the hippocampal CA1 region and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) 2 weeks after STZ treatment, but decreased thereafter in these regions. In contrast, the number of PV-immunoreactive neurons and fibers was unchanged in the hippocampus and DG 2 weeks after STZ treatment. However, this number subsequently decreased over time. These results suggest that CB and PV expression is lowest 3 weeks after STZ administration, and these deficits lead to disturbances in calcium homeostasis.  相似文献   
10.
云南省百草岭自然保护区植被的基本类型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
依据 1999年 5~ 6月的样地调查资料和野外记录 ,按《云南植被》 (1987)的植被分类原则 ,将云南省百草岭自然保护区的植被分为 6个植被型 ,9个植被亚型和 13个群系。对其植被类型的分布规律以及各植被类型的特征作了较详尽的分析和记述  相似文献   
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