平铺镇农村人居环境整治研究与探讨

通过对繁昌县平铺镇农村人居环境整治情况的调查,发现存在整治难、维护难等一系列问题,对其成因进行了分析,并提出了相应的应对措施。     

典型黑土区陡坡植草水土流失防治效果研究

[目的]研究陡坡生物防治与影响因素的变化关系,为侵蚀沟治理、水土保持植被措施配置等决策提供科学依据。[方法]设置2个坡度,7种草本植被配置模式,于2018年6—9月开展了自然小区水土流失监测。[结果] 1∶1.5和1∶1.2坡比边坡草本建植当年分别较裸地平均减流27%和26%,减沙52%和21%,坡度由34°增加到40°,地表径流虽未增加,但土壤侵蚀量明显增加;影响产流产沙的降雨因子主要有雨量,I_(30),E,EI_(30),坡度变陡,相关性增强;建植草无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播减流减沙效果最好,紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、早熟禾3种草种混播减流效果优于单播;1∶1.2坡比边坡随着植被盖度的增加减沙效果逐渐增强,且在植被盖度大于50%时减沙效果接近1∶1.5坡比边坡。[结论]在无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播草本配置下,1∶1.2坡比削坡在侵蚀沟治理时可采用,能减少20%的削坡占地面积。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

底泥中三氯生残留对轮叶黑藻的生态毒性效应

为探讨三氯生(triclosan,TCS)低浓度长期暴露对水生生态系统的毒性效应,本文以典型沉水植物——轮叶黑藻为研究对象,利用HPLC-MS、UV-VIS等分析技术,研究了0.05～0.5 mg·kg~(-1)TCS底泥暴露28 d后轮叶黑藻体内TCS的残留浓度及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,在处理组中轮叶黑藻叶片中TCS的含量在暴露初期(14 d)呈下降趋势,随着暴露时间延长,叶片中TCS含量逐渐升高,暴露28 d时,0.5 mg·kg~(-1)TCS处理组中轮叶黑藻叶片中TCS浓度高达2.16 mg·kg~(-1)。TCS暴露周期内,轮叶黑藻叶片中叶绿素含量呈持续下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈先促进后抑制的趋势,而其茎部可溶性蛋白含量则始终呈抑制状态。此外,TCS胁迫可显著影响轮叶黑藻叶片和茎部的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,对轮叶黑藻的抗氧化系统造成不可逆的损伤。研究结果为评估水体环境中TCS的生态风险提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

特大暴雨条件下小流域沟道的泥沙连通性及其影响因素——以陕西省子洲县为例

[目的]研究特大暴雨条件下小流域沟道泥沙输移路径、泥沙连通程度及其影响因素,旨在探讨水库溃坝的原因,为沟道防洪措施的布设提供依据。[方法]以陕西省子洲县"7·26"暴雨条件下小流域沟道泥沙连通情况为例,选取面积相近、形状相异的清水沟和蛇家沟小流域,对沟道泥沙淤积情况进行现场调查,同时将沟道分为坝地沟段和自然沟段,选取流域面积与形状系数、沟道比降,以及淤地坝的类型与分布进行对比分析两个小流域沟道泥沙连通性的差异。[结果]在此次特大暴雨条件下,清水沟和蛇家沟的淤地坝大都呈现打开状态,由上游到下游清水沟泥沙连通性呈现较强的增长趋势,蛇家沟泥沙连通性则呈现先增长后减弱的趋势。整体上清水沟的泥沙连通性比蛇家沟的强,且清水沟流域的土壤侵蚀也较为严重。串联和混联坝系以及修建有卧管、竖井和排水渠的淤地坝防洪能力更强。[结论]流域面积、流域形状和沟道比降均影响着沟道泥沙的连通性,而淤地坝类型及分布是影响沟道泥沙连通性的主导因子。     

Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.     

Introduction to the International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health and research progress in lipid science and health

The International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health (ISLSH), which was organized annually by Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (OCRI-CAAS) since 2016, has gained a strong reputation and attracted hundreds of delegates from around the world for discussion of lipid research trends and advances every year, to promote research and academic exchanges in the fields of lipid science and health. The 5th International Symposium on lipid Science and Health was successfully held in Wuhan, China, from October 23rd to 25th, 2020, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of OCRI-CAAS. The two-day symposium gathered well-known experts specialized in lipid science to share the current state of lipid research with emphasis on aspects covering: (1) lipid profiling and characterization, (2) lipid preparation and modification, (3) lipid improvement and regulation, and (4) lipid nutrition and health. The symposium was conducted by a combination of on-site and network meeting. More than 250 distinguished delegates from academia and industry participated in the on-site multidisciplinary meeting, and thousands of scholars attended the virtual event. This paper is as a record of the symposium proceedings and a brief summary of the advances and trends in 4 aspects of lipid science and health.     

深圳茅洲河下游沉积物中多环芳烃来源分析与生态风险

为研究茅洲河沉积物中多环芳烃的来源与生态风险,于2016年8月采集茅洲河柱状沉积物9根,使用GC-MS分析了16种多环芳烃(PAHs)。结果表明,沉积物中ΣPAHs范围为:453.7～998.1 ng·g-1,平均含量为708.3 ng·g-1,呈入海口与上游浓度较高、中下游浓度相对较低的分布特征。0～0.5 m层、0.5～1.0 m层和1.0～1.5 m层16种多环芳烃浓度分别为(855.4±81.3)、(739.7±70.3)ng·g-1和(570.3±54.2)ng·g-1。多环芳烃环数呈4环5环6环3环2环变化趋势。茅洲河0～0.5 m沉积物中多环芳烃主要来自于草、木和煤等燃烧源的不完全燃烧,0.5～1.0 m层主要来源于不完全燃烧和混合来源,1.0～1.5 m层主要来源于混合源,其次为燃烧源,且出现了石油源。研究区内沉积物中苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)、苯并(k)荧蒽(BkF)、茚并(1,2,3～cd)芘(IcdP)和苯并(g,h,i)芘(BghiP)在各点位均有检出,因而可能会对生物产生毒害作用,其余组分在各采样点的含量均低于有效应区间低值(ERL),对生物几乎无毒副作用或毒副作用不明显,生物有害效应概率10%。     

我国盐碱地改良技术综述

盐碱地是我国重要的战略储备耕地资源之一,盐碱地的治理对于维持我国1.2亿hm2耕地红线具有重要意义。从盐碱地改良的工程措施、农业措施、化学措施和生物措施等4个方面,综述了我国常见的盐碱地改良技术,并对未来盐碱地改良方向进行了展望。     

基于CFD-DEM耦合的网式过滤器水沙运动数值模拟

过滤器内部的水沙运动复杂且多变,初始状态下沙粒分布的不均导致滤芯产生局部堵塞,改变了水流流态并进一步影响后续沙粒运动和分布。本文以CFD-DEM(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD;Discrete element method,DEM)耦合模拟Y型网式过滤器内部流场变化与沙粒运动及分布,直观地反映了滤芯对水流的流动阻力特性与对沙粒运动分布影响。结果表明,过滤器内部存在明显的回流区、旋涡区及滞流区,导致各过滤面流速不均,出口一侧流速大,进口一侧流速小,两者相差39%;随着时间的变化,过滤器内流场变化明显,沙粒堆积依次出现在出口侧下端面、出口侧上端面、进口侧下端面、进口侧上端面上,最终布满整个滤芯;在滤芯的4个过滤面中,出口侧上端面流速大而沙粒堆积最少,进口侧上端面流速小而沙粒堆积最多,由此可见出口侧上端面具有更好的过滤性能,可适当提高该处过水面积,以提高过滤器过滤效率。