近海海水和表层沉积物重金属污染与生态风险评价——以海南新村港为例

为了评价近海海水和沉积物中重金属含量与分布,以海南陵水新村港为例,对新村港近海区域设置取样监测点,分析海水和表层沉积物中的重金属元素(Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Hg和Zn)含量,采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对海水和沉积物中的重金属污染程度与生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,海水中Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Zn的含量(μg/L)范围分别为0~0.58μg/L、0~3.85μg/L、0.6~4.15μg/L、0.55~4.7μg/L和0~48μg/L,年均含量分别为0.073μg/L、0.87μg/L、1.67μg/L、1.90μg/L和14.49μg/L,Hg未检出。表层沉积物Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Hg的年均含量分别为15.37 mg/kg、63.97 mg/kg、0.175 mg/kg、18.32 mg/kg、8.05 mg/kg和0.097 mg/kg。海水中综合污染指数小于1,海水未受到重金属的污染;沉积物综合污染指数大于10,呈现较高污染状况,主要是由海水养殖和船舶运输造成的。通过潜在生态风险指数评价表明,该海域表层沉积物中重金属对海洋生态系统的潜在生态风险属于中等水平,重金属的危害大小顺序是Hg﹥Cd﹥As﹥Cu﹥Pb﹥Zn。     

吕四渔场近岸海域水质和沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征

采用气相色谱测定了吕四渔场水质和沉积物样品中的多氯联苯(PCBs),并分析了其分布特征。结果显示,吕四渔场水质和沉积物中的PCBs平面分布特征为南部近岸高,而北部近岸较外海低,调查海域PCBs含量有逐年升高的趋势。水质中以低氯代PCBs同族体为主,沉积物中以高氯代PCBs同族体为主,含6个氯原子的PCBs在水中和沉积物中含量都比较高。为了削减PCBs对环境和人类的危害,我们要加强控制、管理、研究和合作。     

Performance of a photo‐heterotrophic,hypersaline system for intensive cultivation of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with minimal water replacement in lined ponds using a stochastic approach

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an intensive photo‐heterotrophic hypersaline system with minimal seawater replacement, and establish relationships between parameters of a stochastic production model and relevant water quality variables. Six experimental 1000 m² lined ponds were stocked at a density of 120 shrimp m^?2 for a 105‐day trial. Salinity increased from 37 to 45 ± 2 g/L, and the water level was maintained with the weekly addition of filtered seawater, equivalent to 1.6% per day. The stochastic model predicted that, at harvest, there is 95% confidence that the system produces between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha with a mean final individual weight of 13.1 g and a mean survival of 84.2%. Sensitivity analyses showed that dissolved oxygen and individual final weight of shrimp were the main variables influencing yield variance. Nitrogenous compounds were maintained between optimal cultivation levels (NH₃–NH₄⁺ = 0.73 ± 0.43 mg/L, N–NO₂^? = 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/L, N–NO₃^? = 3.22 ± 0.11 mg/L). Heterotrophic bacteria (6.6 ± 3.4 × 10⁵ CFU/ml) and chlorophyll‐α concentration (108.5 ± 80.2 μg/L) showed a similar development pattern, indicating a strong relationship between bacteria and microalgae during cultivation. Vibrio spp. concentrations were low (1.24 ± 1.42 × 10³ CFU/ml). It was shown that the photo‐heterotrophic system could be used in hypersaline conditions, typical of semi‐arid regions, to consistently produce between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha in 15 weeks.     

电站余热淡化海水研究

提出了一种直接利用燃煤电站余热淡化海水装置，从理论上研究了最高海水温度对系统性能的影响，分析了最高盐水温度对装置的造水比和冷却海水流量的影响以及该系统的经济性。结果表明：该系统能耗小，淡化成本低，同时利用了大量余热，证明该装置具有较大的应用前景。     

湄洲湾水域海水、沉积物中砷及重金属的含量分析

根据湄洲湾20个点位4批次水样，1次沉积物样，用原子荧光、原子吸收和多功能极谱仪测定海水和沉积物中砷及重金属的含量。采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对湄洲湾水域海水和沉积物中的砷及重金属进行综合评价。结果表明，湄洲湾水域海水中的砷及重金属单因子污染指数Pi〈1，均符合第二类海水水质标准，内梅罗指数I〈1，总体...     

Water Relations, Abscisic Acid and Yield of Wheat Plants in Relation to the Interactive Effect of Seawater and Growth Bioregulators

Irrigation of wheat plants with seawater (10 and 25 %) led to significant increases in free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in leaves, especially at 25 %. The relative water content (RWC) and water use efficiency (calculated from grain yield, WUE_G, or from biomass yield, WUE_B) of the seawater-irrigated plants were lower than those of the control. Grain pre-soaking in gibberellic acid (GA₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or ABA reduced the levels of accumulated ABA (free and bound) produced by seawater irrigation. The stress imposed by seawater generally reduced yield and yield components of wheat plants and the effect was more pronounced at the higher level of seawater irrigation (25 %). Furthermore, seawater treatments decreased the carbohydrate content and increased the protein content of the developing grains. The effect of seawater treatments on ion concentrations in the developing grains was not consistent. The application of growth bioregulators appeared to mitigate the effect of seawater salinity stress on wheat productivity. GA₃ was the most effective hormone in this regard. The economic yield (grain yield) had a strong positive correlation with RWC, WUE_G, WUE_B, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, grain number/main spike, kernel weight and harvest index.     

封闭循环海湾扇贝育苗系统水处理工艺与运行效果研究

为确定封闭循环海水育苗系统的水处理工艺流程，了解各水处理单元的运行效果及育苗水体的水质状况，建立了一套100 m³育苗水体的生产中试系统。以海湾扇贝为实验生物进行苗种循环水培育试验，试验过程中跟踪监测各水处理单元进出水口处目标污染物的浓度，并长期监测育苗池中各理化因子水质指标。监测结果说明生物滤池能有效去除氨氮、亚硝酸氮和COD，同时各水处理单元联合对SS的去除率达80%。育苗池中氨氮、亚硝酸氮和COD的长期统计平均值分别为0.023、0.004和1.43 mg/L，水质优良。这证明该系统水处理工艺可行，能有效去除目标污染物。     

黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤性质的影响研究

通过2年在黄河三角洲进行海水灌溉对土壤性质的影响研究．结果表明：海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量有所上升,并在0～100cm土层中有盐分积累现象;土壤中存在的盐分主要以NaCI为主,Na^ 和Cl^-与土壤全盐含量呈直线线性相关,且达到极显著水平;海水灌溉后土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)在0～60crn土层内有所升高;土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后基本没有什么变化;残余碳酸钠(RSC)都为负值。因此,在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉不会引起土壤的碱化,并使土壤性质变差,但在海水灌溉过程中必须防治次生盐渍化的发生。     

半干旱区海水灌溉农田土壤盐分运移规律的研究

对在海侵灾害最严重的莱州湾地区,在油葵生育期内利用不同浓度的海水直接灌溉两次,研究0～40cm土层土壤盐分及Na^ 、CI^-、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^ 含量的分布、迁移规律,为确定合适的灌溉定额和灌溉次数提供最基础的技术参数。结果表明：①60％以上浓度海水灌溉,5～40cm土层土壤盐分呈积累趋势,次生盐渍化明显;40％海水灌溉后轻微积盐．若无充沛的雨水淋洗,则须结合一定的农业措施以防造成次生盐害;20％海水浓度在灌溉定额为800m^3／hm^2时能保持土壤盐分的盈亏平衡。②Na^ 和CI^-主要分布在5～20cm土层,而Ca^2 和Mg^2 主要在20∽40cm土层,K^ 则极易被淋洗而迁移到40cm以下土层。③0～5cm土层盐分变化剧烈,在油葵整个生育期降雨量为171．7mm的情况下,至收获期时,各处理均能降至灌海水前的水平。