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1.
离散元法在农业工程研究中的应用现状和展望   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
现代农业装备数字化设计是农业工程领域的主要研究方向之一,农业机械与各类农业物料的接触作用及其对农业机械设计工作的影响是现代农业装备数字化设计重要内容和难点。离散元法是一种基于不连续性假设的计算机数值模拟方法。研究表明,离散元法可以用于仿真分析农业散体物料与机械装备间的相互作用关系,为现代农业装备数字化设计提供了新手段,在农业工程领域具有良好的应用前景。本文对离散元法的基本概念、发展历程及常见程序软件进行了概述,归纳分析了离散元法在模拟农业土壤与农业物料接触时的模型确定及其参数标定方法,重点阐述了各作业环节典型农业机械的离散元法应用现状和发展动态。对基于离散元的数值模拟仿真及其工业化应用推广所面临的主要问题进行了分析和总结,指出通用参数标定方法缺失和模型过度简化是离散元法进一步发展的制约因素,加强接触模型和参数标定的基础研究工作,推动专业、通用的软件平台开发,提高计算机计算和存储能力及改进离散元算法结构,从而提升模型计算效率将是今后的研究方向和工作重点。  相似文献   
2.
谷物联合收获机筛分装置研究现状与发展分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
筛分是谷物联合收获作业的关键工序,筛分装置的作业质量直接影响联合收获机的作业性能。现有筛分装置性能可基本满足谷物收获作业要求,但鉴于农业物料的多样性、作业环境的多变且不可控性以及谷物联合收获机的高速作业性,在进行筛分时由于物料喂入量增大和物料含水率的升高,从而产生物料堵塞筛孔、潮湿物料粘附筛体、物料流动性差、筛分效率低等问题。本文以筛体结构和筛体驱动机构为切入点,概述谷物筛分装置的研究现状和研究方法,从不同领域筛分技术的借鉴与互补以及筛分装置高效化、智能化、信息化的发展角度出发,指出谷物筛分装置技术的发展趋势,为我国谷物筛分技术研究和筛分装置的创新设计提供参考。  相似文献   
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The reported incidence of clinical hepatitis E cases is rising in some non‐endemic countries, with concurrent concerns regarding potential hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination of the blood supply. Therefore, the characterization of major potential sources of human HEV exposure is important to inform risk assessment and public health policy. A systematic review was conducted, including a comprehensive search in six electronic bibliographic databases, verified by hand‐searching reference lists of HEV reviews, and a grey literature search, of the broad research question ‘what is the evidence of the association between predictors of human HEV exposure, and HEV IgG seropositivity, in non‐endemic countries?’ Using forms designed a priori, captured studies were appraised at first‐level screening, second‐level characterization, and third‐level data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Meta‐analysis yielded summary estimates of association between potential predictors and odds of HEV seropositivity. Meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of the odds of HEV seroprevalence in specific groups characterized potential sources of HEV exposure. From 4,163 captured citations, 245 relevant studies underwent data extraction, investigating HEV seroprevalence or predictors in both healthy subjects and targeted patient groups. Across these groups, increasing age was a predictor of HEV IgG seropositivity. Both human immunodeficiency virus patients and haemodialysis patients had significantly increased odds of HEV seropositivity relative to the general population. Working with pigs, in forestry, or in hospitals, was significantly associated with increased odds of HEV seropositivity, as were consumption of meat, pork or game meat, or hunting. Chronological time was not associated with HEV seropositivity within our data sets. Further study of the distribution of potential dietary or behavioural predictors between high and lower prevalence areas within non‐endemic countries could improve our understanding of the relative importance of specific HEV transmission pathways.  相似文献   
5.
十字花科Brassicaceae包含蔬菜、油料作物、药用植物、观赏植物和染料植物等,是一类1年生、2年生或多年生的植物,是中国最重要的蔬菜和油料作物之一。蜡质的主要成分是超长链脂肪酸及其衍生物,十字花科植物的蜡质是其适应外界环境变化而形成的保护结构,在维持水分平衡、反射紫外线、减少外来机械损伤、降低低温伤害、抵御细菌真菌入侵、防止果实开裂与昆虫侵食等抵抗生物与非生物胁迫中起着重要作用。对十字花科植物蜡质类型、生理功能、遗传特性、合成与转运途径等方面进行综述,可为十字花科植物的蜡质代谢研究提供参考。图2表2参61  相似文献   
6.

Background

Powassan virus (POWV), a flavivirus discovered in 1958, causes sporadic but severe cases of encephalitis in humans. Since 2007, the number of human Powassan cases diagnosed each year in the USA has steadily increased. This is in agreement with predictions that Powassan cases may increase in North America as a result of increased exposure to infected ticks. However, the increase may also reflect improved diagnostics and reporting among other factors.

Methods

A scoping review was prioritized to identify and characterize the global literature on POWV. Following an a priori developed protocol, a comprehensive search strategy was implemented. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for relevant research and the identified full papers were used to characterize the POWV literature using a predetermined data characterization tool.

Results

One hundred and seventy‐eight articles were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in North America (88.2%) between 1958 and 2017. Both genotypes of POWV (Powassan lineage 1 and Deer Tick virus) were isolated or studied in vitro, in vectors, nonhuman hosts and human populations. To date, POWV has been reported in 147 humans in North America. The virus has also been isolated from five tick species, and several animals have tested positive for exposure to the virus. The relevant articles identified in this review cover the following eight topics: epidemiology (123 studies), pathogenesis (66), surveillance (33), virus characterization (22), POWV transmission (8), diagnostic test accuracy (8), treatment (4) and mitigation strategies (3).

Conclusion

The literature on POWV is relatively small compared with other vector‐borne diseases, likely because POWV has not been prioritized due to the small number of severe sporadic human cases. With the projected impact of climate change on tick populations, increases in the number of human cases are expected. It is recommended that future research efforts focus on closing some of the important knowledge gaps identified in this scoping review.  相似文献   
7.
In recent decades agroforestry has undergone significant development in Latin America. South America generates the most scientific research on the topic in the region. We conducted a comprehensive review and analysis of knowledge production for South American agroforestry that includes livestock grazing, known as agrosilvopastoralism (AS), examining how different sociopolitical factors such as sources of funding, institutional priorities, and international cooperation can bias the direction and objectives of scientific research. We assessed the major attributes of scientific publications on the topic (25 articles per country; overall n = 210) and the potential factors underlying the processes of research and development in the region. The tree component was the most studied, while the livestock component received less attention. Studies were mainly focused on the production of goods and services (monetary or nonmonetary approaches), except in Brazil, where conservation was the major study objective. Stakeholders were involved in more than half of the studies (60%), and they were mostly ranchers and local producers. More than half (70%) of the studies offered recommendations based on their results, and such recommendations were mostly concerned with the management of agrosilvopastoral system components. In general, studies were led just as often by local as foreign first authors and coauthored by more than three people as part of interinstitutional working groups. Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile had more frequent cooperation among institutions and countries but mainly used their own funding. In contrast, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru had almost 100% of their studies supported by foreign countries (North America and Europe). Countries with greater internal funding of research generated more long-term studies. Besides this, two clear trends were detected: 1) conservation and social aspects were mainly supported by sources from external countries led by foreign principal investigators, and 2) production issues were supported from sources within countries and supported high levels of cooperation among institutions.  相似文献   
8.
目的 探究薄型子宫内膜的病因机制,分析临床现行的处理策略,加深对薄型子宫内膜的认识,更好地指导临床工作。方法 整理、分析最新薄型子宫内膜的中西医研究文献成果。结果 当代医学对薄型子宫内膜病因机制阐述颇多,处理策略多样,但均存在一定局限性,还未形成统一的治疗原则。中医治疗多以补肾活血为大法,显示出较好的优势。结论 学者对薄型子宫内膜病因的认知尚未形成共识,发病机制仍不明确,治疗效果各异。中西医治疗各有优势,较西医治疗,中药、针灸具有多靶点整合,整体网络调节等优点,成效显著,值得临床推广应用。  相似文献   
9.
In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise and cannot be covered by feed intake. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids in disturbed energy metabolism of the bovine species. Long chain fatty acids regulate energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Carnitine acts as a carrier of fatty acyl groups as long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives do not penetrate the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are two different types of disorders in lipid metabolism which can occur in cattle, namely the hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic and the hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic type with the latter not always associated with ketosis. There is general agreement that fatty acid β-oxidation capability is limited in the liver of (ketotic) cows. In accord, supplemental L-carnitine decreased liver lipid accumulation in periparturient Holstein cows. Of note, around parturition concurrent oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle is highly activated. Also peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver of dairy cows may be part of the hepatic adaptations to a negative energy balance (NEB) to break down fatty acids. An elevated blood concentration of nonesterified fatty acids is one of the indicators of NEB in cattle among others like increased β-hydroxy butyrate concentration, and decreased concentrations of glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Assuming that liver carnitine concentrations might limit hepatic fatty acid oxidation capacity in dairy cows, further study of the role of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and/or riboflavin in bovine ketosis is warranted.  相似文献   
10.
茶多酚是茶叶的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血糖、防辐射等多种生物学活性。然而,茶多酚的不稳定性极大限制其进一步开发应用。茶多酚易受光线、温度、pH等因素影响而发生氧化、聚合和缩合,从而使其活性改变。因此,茶多酚组分的高通量快速检测在生物学及临床上具有重要意义。高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、近红外光谱法、核磁共振等均是茶多酚组分高通量检测的主要方法,但这些方法各有优劣。对茶多酚高通量快速检测技术及其相关应用进行了归纳和总结,并对其优势及存在的问题进行分析,以期为茶多酚组分的高通量检测提供参考。  相似文献   
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