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1.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m−3, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m−3), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m2 of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO2-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m−3) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.  相似文献   
2.
ABSTRACT

Shrimp farmers in Alabama who produce the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, have recently reported abnormally low survival at harvest. Farmers have hypothesized that this phenomenon may be due to disease, toxic algae, shrimp source, or reduced shrimp robustness in later stages of production. To compare performance of shrimp from different sources, postlarvae were obtained from three different hatcheries and stocked on the same day in on-levee tank systems (TS) on two farms (Farm 1-TS; Farm 2-TS1; Farm 2-TS2). Following 104 days of culture on Farm 2-TS1 and Farm 2-TS2, there were no differences in survival (72.8%–91.2%) or final weight (19.8–24.6 g). At Farm 1-TS following 107 days of culture, there were differences in survival from shrimp sourced from one hatchery (40.5%) compared to the other two hatcheries (61.0%–69.8%). Results demonstrated acceptable growth performance and survival from all hatchery sources.  相似文献   
3.
新型缓控释增效肥研究进展和发展前景   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
传统肥料面临着利用率低、产能过剩等问题,新型缓控释肥通过新型包膜材料或者纳米技术,实现养分释放速度的可控性;通过添加信号物质,实现植物和化肥的互动,将植物养分需求规律作为主导因素,实现肥料的按需供给,达到减少化肥用量,提高肥料利用效率的目的。从定义、研发背景、分类及发展趋势等方面介绍了新型缓控释肥的研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望。  相似文献   
4.
明轮驱动虾塘自主导航投饵船设计与可靠性试验   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
基于明轮驱动的虾塘投饵船能够适应养殖池塘复杂的环境、满足全塘抛撒的要求,可靠性是其进行推广的关键。采用滚塑工艺设计了全封闭投饵船体,利用免油脂润滑不锈钢链轮和明轮作为驱动机构,以避免对水体的污染,螺旋输送饵料装置可满足船载投饵过程中重心位置稳定的要求,通过GPS+电子罗盘的方式实现了自主导航定位和姿态控制需求。根据虾塘投饵和控制性能要求,进行投饵船直线运动和转弯运动模型的构建,采用PID航向、航速运动控制算法进行巡航路径控制,池塘测试平均速度为0.72m/s,直行和转弯最大偏航量分别为0.8m和0.5m。40d的养殖塘现场试验结果表明,自主导航投饵船在复杂路径下运行平稳,可满足虾塘饵料投喂要求,同时对强风、大雨等恶劣环境进行了可靠性测试,发现并解决了相关问题。  相似文献   
5.
根据2010—2017年莱州湾"伏休"结束前底拖网调查资料,通过轮廓系数法对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹资源的时空分布特征进行了研究,并结合放流回捕资料对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹资源状况提出了建议。结果显示,在空间分布上,三疣梭子蟹南部资源明显优于北部;依据Rousseeuw质量指数分为3组,分别为近岸组、远岸组和深海组,分组评估合理,平均轮廓系数为0.34,组内相似度较高,聚类效果较好;从时间变化上,三疣梭子蟹资源具有明显的年际波动性,依据Rousseeuw质量指数分为3组,分别为较好组、一般组和较差组,分组评估合理,平均轮廓系数为0.15,组内相似度较低,聚类效果较差。另外,空间分组的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,三疣梭子蟹资源状况与"伏休"结束前近岸组资源密切相关;时间分组的SIMPER分析结果同样显示,三疣梭子蟹资源状况主要取决于"伏休"结束前的近岸资源。因此,"伏休"结束前三疣梭子蟹近岸资源的管理与保护对于三疣梭子蟹资源的影响至关重要,建议在实施三疣梭子蟹增殖放流时,不仅要保持增殖的规模,还应重点关注前期资源的保护与管理,从而有效增加近岸资源,进一步实现三疣梭子蟹增殖放流修复的意义。  相似文献   
6.
Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.  相似文献   
7.
Two growth trials and a physiology assessment were conducted to evaluate three non‐genetically modified (GM) soybean cultivars as ingredients in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In addition, a commercially available fermented yeast product was evaluated as dietary supplement. For the growth trials (46 and 35 days, respectively, for trials 1 and 2), the basal diet was primarily composed of soybean meal (SBM), fishmeal (FM), whole wheat, corn protein concentrate, poultry meal (PM, pet food grade) and corn starch. Non‐GM cultivars were processed with novel methodologies to produce Navita? ingredients (N1, N2 and N3) which were incorporated at low (L) or high (H) levels into the experimental diets, in partial replacement of FM and full replacement of conventional SBM. The last two formulations incorporated the fermented yeast for a total of nine experimental diets (Table 1 ). Results from the growth trials indicate that shrimp fed diet 5 (HN2) exhibited significantly lower (< .05) weight gain as compared to shrimp fed diets 1 and 2 (basal and LN1, respectively) in trial 1, as well as compared to animals fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 8 (basal, LN1, HN1 and basal + yeast) in trial 2. The feed conversion ratio significantly increased for shrimp fed diet 5, in contrast with shrimp fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 8 in trials 1 and 2, as well as compared to shrimp fed diets diet 6 (LN3) in trial 2. For the physiological assessment (stress and immune responses), only the effects of diets 1, 3, 8 and 9 (basal, HN1, basal + yeast and HN1 + yeast, respectively) were investigated. Granular cell counts were significantly higher for shrimp fed the yeast‐containing diets. Haemolymph glucose and haemolymph packed cell volume were significantly reduced for shrimp fed diets 3, 8 and 9. No significant differences were observed in total haemocyte counts, hyaline cells counts, semi‐granular cells counts, haemolymph protein, haemocyte phagocytic capacity and haemocyte respiratory burst activity. Results of this work indicate that selective soy breeding technology coupled with novel processing options has the potential to increase the nutritional value of conventional SBM for shrimp feeds. Trends on immune responses were more difficult to elucidate possibly due to the limited length of the feeding trial.  相似文献   
8.
为了寻求改善宁夏灌淤土水稻氮素利用的有效措施,通过静水浸泡与盆栽试验,以自研聚氨酯包膜控释肥为研究对象,研究了3种控释肥的氮素释放特征,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了5个施肥处理对水稻产量与氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:自研控释肥CRF1、CRF2在静水(25℃)中的氮素累积释放比例的动态变化趋势基本一致,都呈"抛物线"形状,其24 h初期释放率分别为3.54%、2.28%(≤15%),28 d的氮素累积释放率分别为33.17%、30.58%(≤80%),符合缓释肥料的国家标准要求。与等量NPK处理相比,CRF2处理主要通过提高水稻穗粒数与千粒重获得最高子粒产量,达到31.21 g/盆,增加了10.44%;其地上部总吸氮量达到150.89 kg/hm~2,提高了10.46%;其氮肥利用率达到36.64%,提高了5.49个百分点。不同施肥处理下土壤铵态氮、硝态氮与无机氮含量峰值均出现在水稻插秧后的15 d前后,随后不同程度的下降,控释肥处理下降较慢,在土壤中氮素释放时间达到75 d以上。其中CRF2处理由于添加了硝化抑制剂双氰胺,能够在水稻移栽45 d前保持最高的硝态氮(第45 d:99.41 mg/kg)和无机氮含量(第45 d:104.46 mg/kg),在60 d前保持最高的铵态氮含量(第60 d:4.03 mg/kg),满足了水稻生育关键期对氮素的需求,从而保证稻谷产量。  相似文献   
9.
Indoor, intensive, nursery-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can provide high-quality juvenile shrimp for indoor or pond-based production systems in a biosecure manner. However, it is unclear what type of RAS is most appropriate for indoor shrimp nurseries. This study compared three types of RAS nurseries: biofloc (BF), clear-water (CW), and hybrid (HY). Each treatment included four, randomly assigned 160 L (0.35-m2) tanks that were stocked with 3000 post-larvae shrimp m−3. The post-larvae (PL10) shrimp had an initial average weight of 7 ± 0.0 mg and were grown for 48 days. The BF tanks included external settling chambers as the only filtration mechanism. The CW tanks had settling chambers, foam fractionators, and external biofilters to fully clarify the water and process nitrogenous waste. Hybrid tanks included settling chambers, and external biofilters to maintain some suspended solids along with external biofiltration. Overall, the CW treatment had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels than the BF and HY systems. The HY treatment had significantly higher DO than the BF treatment. Nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the HY treatment than the CW treatment. Turbidity in the BF treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. On the final sample date, the BF treatment had significantly higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations than the other treatments. Differences between treatments in terms of shrimp survival, mean harvest weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were not significant. The final weight of the shrimp at 48 days for the BF, CW, and HY were 670 mg, 640 mg, and 590 mg respectively. A stable isotope mixing model indicated that, in the BF treatment, 13% of the C and 34% of the N in harvested shrimp tissue may have originated from biofloc material, signifying some nutrient recycling. The nitrification process was more effective with the inclusion of an external biofilter. All three system types appear suitable for RAS shrimp nursery production although consideration should be given to water quality consistency and filtration costs.  相似文献   
10.
基于压力、状态、响应模型(PSR)和层次分析法(AHP),确定17项指标通过数据的标准化处理,指标权重赋值、权重一致性检验、评价等级确定以及评价模型的构建,用生态安全评价黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流效果,分析生态安全所面临的主要问题。结果表明:黄河陕西段2013年增殖放流生态安全度(ESI)评价等级为Ⅱ级,为良好状态;2014年评价等级为Ⅲ级,处于一般状态;2015年评价等级为Ⅳ级,处于较差状态,属于临界不安全状态以下水平。生态安全形势呈现出逐年下降局势。不安全状态受到影响较大的前3个指标是:黄河径流量变化影响、重要生境保持率和公众资源环境保护意识的影响,3个指标下降值占到下降ESI值的64.93%。其次还受到污水排放达标率、鱼类增殖放流量、政策和管理水平、鱼类生物多样性指数、保护区建设、水质综合污染指数、群落结构等诸多因素影响。研究显示,现阶段增殖放流对黄河生态安全有一定影响,还存在一定提升空间。  相似文献   
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