我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.  

2008年中国浒苔灾害成因条件和过程推测

依据经过收集和验证的东黄海海洋物理、海洋生物和海洋化学资料，对2008年黄海浒苔爆发过程和条件进行海洋学分析。结果如下：近年来长江口大规模赤潮逐渐减少，5月起，东黄海20-25℃等温线逐渐移向长江口，其所包络的海域为浒苔生长的适温海域。在长江口水域丰富的营养和良好的温盐环境条件下，大量浒苔个体开始在长江口形成，随着长江冲淡水不断飘向东北方向的黄海南部，由于水面开阔，冲淡水水流逐步变缓，导致浒苔个体初步集群，形成规模较小群体。浒苔群体继续孕育和发展，并在由南向北东南风和黄海表层流的作用下，分散而逐步飘向黄海中部。黄海表层流遇到山东半岛阻挡、表层流和沿岸流交汇在山东半岛沿海形成流隔，流隔所在水域正是浒苔在胶州湾外黄海大规模集结地。胶州湾形状呈袋状，浒苔入湾后更易聚集，使之成为整个山东半岛沿海最有利于浒苔集结的水域。这可能是为什么浒苔在青岛沿海集结形成特大灾害的原因之一。  

大型海藻对近海环境的生态作用

大型海藻是一类能依靠基部固着器固着在水底基质上生活,含有叶绿素a,能进行光合放氧的多细胞海洋植物~([1]).为了区分方便,目前一般将漂浮水中的微细藻类统称为浮游植物,而将大型海藻称为海藻.  

赤潮及其对渔业的影响

海洋生态环境恶化是制约海洋生物资源可持续利用的关键问题,也是阻碍海洋经济发展的重要因素。海洋污染导致生态环境恶化,其中对渔业资源危害最大的就是赤潮,赤潮已成为一种全球性的海洋灾害。近20年来,赤潮的危害日益严重,已受到了许多沿海国家的关注。1赤潮及其成因1.1赤潮基  

基于BP神经网络模型的福建海域赤潮预报方法研究

赤潮往往给渔业生产和人类的生命安全造成极大的危害,但由于赤潮的成因十分复杂,对其进行预报非常困难.本研究收集了福建海区2000年至2016年发生的219个赤潮案例有效数据,应用BP神经网络人工智能模型建立了其与气温、降水、风速、气压和日照5个气象因子的非线性关系,并将这些赤潮案例数据与相应的气象指标按闽东、闽中和闽南3个海区,分别输入模型进行学习、训练与预测.结果显示:1)闽东海区53个训练样本45个预测正确,正确率达84.91%,3个模拟预测样本全部正确;2)闽中海区69个训练样本58个预测正确,正确率达84.06%,4个模拟预测样本全部正确;3)闽南海区85个训练样本的运算预测结果63个正确,正确率74.12%,5个模拟预测样本全部正确,达到预期的结果.研究表明,以气象因子为自变量采用BP神经网络模型对赤潮的发生进行预测是可行的,该方法可为赤潮的预测提供新的途径.  

桑沟湾春季营养盐分布特征及赤潮暴发诱因

根据2006年4月和2011年4月两个航次的调查数据,对比分析了桑沟湾水域春季水温、盐度及溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)、活性硅酸盐(Si₃² -Si)含量的时空分布特征,探讨了目前大面积赤潮暴发的可能原因。结果显示,2011年的氮、磷、硅浓度都高于2006年同期调查结果,分别是2006年的5.6倍,1.3倍和3.2倍。氮磷比高达(66.33?47.16),硅磷比为(35.12?21.44),硅氮比为(0.82?0.77),严重偏离Redfield比值。块状分布明显,氮、磷、硅的空间分布情况相似,都是在湾口的东南部(褚岛外海)有高值区,向湾内递减;在湾底的西北部赤潮的始发区,有次高值区,与盐度的低值区几乎重叠。从营养盐、水文、大型藻类营养盐竞争与克生作用及水温4个方面,分析了赤潮暴发的可能原因。  

赤潮研究中圆海链藻实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速、准确的鉴定和定量检测赤潮生物的方法,以圆海链藻为例，以其18S rDNA序列为寻找种特异性引物的靶区域，通过分析18S rDNA序列，设计出适合用于RFQ-PCR的引物与探针，并通过引物PCR验证确定其特异性，进而以圆海链藻荧光定量PCR的引物和探针（Primer Thalassiosira rotula和Taqman Thalassiosira rotula），建立了定量检测圆海链藻的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法（RFQ-PCR）。与传统的显微镜计数方法比较，两者所获结果无显著性差异，证明了本方法的可行性，从而为我国沿海水域赤潮问题的研究提供了良好的技术检测途径。  

条斑紫菜提取物对4种赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用

研究条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液对前沟藻、中肋骨条藻、米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻等4种赤潮微藻生长的影响,在此基础上,利用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚等有机溶剂浸泡条斑紫菜干粉,经抑藻圈方法检测条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液的抑藻活性。通过测定藻细胞密度和细胞体积,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖等生理生化指标的变化,对抑藻活性最大的提取物对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用进行分析,并依次以石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇为提取溶剂,采用液液分离法对此提取物做了进一步分离。结果表明,当条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液浓度超过16g/L时能显著抑制4种赤潮微藻的生长,尤其是对前沟藻和米氏凯伦藻具有很强的抑制作用。在5种有机溶剂提取物中,甲醇提取物的抑制作用最为明显。进一步研究发现此提取物对4种赤潮微藻的生长抑制显著且具有浓度效应,在16g/L时,此提取物对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长抑制率分别为70.5%、79.9%、67.1%和65.1%。同时,致使米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻等3种赤潮微藻体积变小,运动能力下降,藻细胞出现空洞、细胞破碎和色素减褪等现象;...  

赤潮灾害对水产养殖业损失的分级评估

通过分析赤潮灾害损失的构成，建立了一套新的赤潮灾害对水产养殖业损失的评估方法，分别对养殖业的直接经济损失，间接经济损失，赤潮恢复费用等3个方面进行评估，并根据对灾害评估时间要求的不同，将赤潮灾害对养殖业的经济损失评估由粗评到细评，由定性到定量划分为3个等级，即灾前损失预评估，灾时损失评估和灾后损失实评估。最后利用2005年6月发生在浙江南麂列岛赤潮造成水产养殖业灾害损失的实地调查资料，运用建立的分类分级标准进行灾害损失评估。结果表明，此次赤潮属于中型鱼毒赤潮，其直接经济损失为3 100万元，总损失为4 290万元。  

厦门海域赤潮发生规律初探

本文根据历史资料及2004～2005年厦门海域赤潮的监测结果和相关资料,对赤潮多发性规律及其与自然环境关系进行初步探讨.资料显示,太阳黑子活动峰年的前后3年是赤潮的多发年份、5～7月是多发季节、多发月份的中小潮期是多发日期.赤潮生物具有适应和利用自然环境变化的本能,同时也反映了太阳黑子活动、季节变化、引潮力变化和气象条件能够通过生物的、物理的或化学的过程影响赤潮的发生和发展.