刍议特色蔬菜荠菜的价值及其研究意义

为了促进产业融合、实现加工增值、加快技术研发、达成跨季销售、推动冷链发展、增加劳动就业,对荠菜产业化相关研究进行总结。在此,有必要对荠菜的价值、研究意义及研究现状进行介绍,发现荠菜是一种具有较高营养价值和药用价值的野生叶菜,深受消费者青睐,市场前景广阔,具有重要的研究意义;另外,涉及荠菜的研究很多,但主要集中在栽培方面,品种与加工涉猎较少,特别是产业化更是鲜有涉足。通过对荠菜产业关键技术与装备的进一步研发,助力实现产业链的延伸,加快新品种、新技术、新模式、新工艺、新装备的应用。     

The importance of environment and life stage on interpretation of silky shark relative abundance indices for the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Recent large fluctuations in an index of relative abundance for the silky shark in the eastern Pacific Ocean have called into question its reliability as a population indicator for management. To investigate whether these fluctuations were driven by environmental forcing rather than true changes in abundance, a Pacific‐wide approach was taken. Data collected by observers aboard purse‐seine vessels fishing in the equatorial Pacific were used to compute standardized trends in relative abundance by region, and where possible, by shark size category as a proxy for life stage. These indices were compared to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), an index of Pacific Ocean climate variability. Correlation between silky indices and the PDO was found to differ by region and size category. The highest correlations by shark size category were for small (<90 cm total length [TL]) and medium (90–150 cm TL) sharks from the western region of the equatorial eastern Pacific (EP) and from the equatorial western Pacific. This correlation disappeared in the inshore EP. Throughout, correlations with the PDO were generally lower for large silky sharks (>150 cm TL). These results are suggestive of changes in the small and medium silky indices being driven by movement of juvenile silky sharks across the Pacific as the eastern edge of the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool shifts location with ENSO events. Lower correlation of the PDO with large shark indices may indicate that those indices were less influenced by environmental forcing and therefore potentially less biased with respect to monitoring population trends.     

Spatial segregation of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) by size in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Striped marlin (Kajikia audax) is an epipelagic fish distributed in oceanic and coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean. This species is usually found in warm and coastal waters with high primary productivity. The main goal of this study was to describe the spatial segregation of striped marlin by average Eye‐Fork length (EFL) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) and its relationship with environmental variables using EFL data obtained from tuna purse‐seining and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). The model suggested that larger individuals of striped marlin were more likely to be found in waters with high Chlorophyll‐a concentration (>2 mg/m³) and with temperatures lower than 25°C, within a region known as the “cold tongue” and the Humboldt current system, while smaller individuals were more likely to be found in warmer and low productive areas within a region known as the “warm pool of the EPO.” We observed that set type caused a large variation on average EFL of striped marlin; larger fish were captured in sets associated with floating objects (natural and manmade), while smaller fish were captured in sets associated with dolphins. Despite this, our findings suggest that striped marlin has a latitudinal gradient in average EFL; larger individuals occurred predominantly south of 10°N, while smaller ones occurred predominantly in coastal waters between 10°N and 20°N, thus demonstrating a spatial segregation of the species affected by its maturity stage.     

Developing socioeconomic indicators for an ecosystem-based fisheries management approach: An application to the Korean large purse seine fishery

Developing socioeconomic indicators for ecosystem-based fisheries management is particularly important. This is because socioeconomic factors have direct effects on ecosystems, and ecosystems have direct effects on socioeconomic factors. Therefore, it is imperative that socioeconomic indicators are developed and evaluated in order to predict changes in ecosystems and to provide advice for effective fisheries management. In this study, socioeconomic indicators have been developed to be combined with biological and ecological indicators, in order to conduct the ecosystem-based fisheries assessment. In terms of socioeconomic indicators, five socioeconomic criteria were considered as important attributes of socioeconomic changes. These were economic production, business conditions, levels of income, the state of the market, and levels of employment. In order to establish reference points for the evaluation of indicators, target reference points and limit reference points were set through a comparison with other industries or other fisheries rather than by using the Traffic Light System (TLS) method, which has been used in many previous studies. In addition, on the basis of the application of developed indicators and reference points to the Korean large purse seine fishery, the socioeconomic conditions of the fishery and the usefulness of the indicators were evaluated and management implications were discussed.     

金枪鱼围网渔船的设计特点

在收集大量资料的基础上 ,分别就金枪鱼围网鱼船主要尺度的选择、最佳船型的论证、航速性与稳性以及总布置特征进行了阐述 ,并且提供部分近似公式及有关数据以供设计时应用。最后 ,对金枪鱼围网渔船的鱼舱设置及与保鲜方法的关系作了介绍     

金枪鱼围网沉降特性

根据沿围网下纲缚扎的10只温度深度计(TDR-2050型)自动记录的23网次有效数据,对中国中西太平洋金枪鱼围网的下纲沉降速度、沉降深度及其与时间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)网具未达到理论沉降深度,网具中部平均沉降深度为160 m,为最大拉紧高度(311.1 m)的51.4%;(2)网具中部沉降深度与时间的关系为h=–0.000 2t2+0.3663 t;(3)网具各部位的沉降速度不同,取鱼部最慢,网具中部次之,后网头最快;(4)下纲各部位沉降速度均随着深度的增加而减小,沉降速度波动幅度随深度增加按大—小—大的规则变化;(5)网具中部沉降速度与时间的关系为:v=3×10–7t2–7×10–4 t+0.418 9。本研究结果可为改善金枪鱼围网沉降性能提供基础数据,并为海上生产提供指导性参考。     

Habitat analysis of the commercial tuna of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer.     

中西太平洋鲣栖息地指数预报模型比较研究

鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)是太平洋热带海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是目前我国金枪鱼围网渔船的主要捕捞对象之一。根据1995—2012年中西太平洋海域(5°N-10°S;125°E-135°W)延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海表面温度(SST)和海表面高度(SSH)的遥感数据,利用频次分布法分析了中西太平洋围网鲣分布的SST和SSH适宜范围;采用了外包络法,按季度分别建立了SST、SSH的适应性指数(SI),采用算术平均法(AMM)和几何平均法(GMM)建立栖息地指数(HSI)模型计算其栖息地指数,并用2013年度的捕捞数据进行验证。结果表明,中西太平洋围网鲣多分布在SST为28~30.5℃、SSH为65~95 cm的海域。以捕捞努力量(作业天数)为基础,采用外包络法建立SST、SSH的适应性指数最为合适,各个季度的SST权重分别为0.7、0.6、0.3、0.6的算数平均法适合中西太平洋围网鲣栖息地指数模型。不同季节的环境因子对中西太平洋围网鲣渔场分布有着不同的影响。     

网渔具计算机数值模拟的研究进展

对近年来网渔具的计算机数值模拟中使用的几何拓扑分解方法、数学建模思想和模型算法等进行了归纳和系统整理,并探讨了各种算法的稳定性和收敛性。分析认为:刚体有限元法数学建模的优点是模型简化,能基本反映网具粗糙形状,缺点是忽略网线张力,无法精确反映网具的受力和网具的运动状态;基于质量弹簧体系和牛顿力学的柔性有限元法是主流,数值模拟结果更符合网具的实际状况,网形更细腻逼真,计算结果与网具实测拟合较好;显式算法对时间步长较敏感,稳定性和精度不如隐式算法好。NEWTON-RAPHSON和NEWMARK-β算法具有无条件稳定性和收敛性,大部分研究采用了此算法。     

关于闽南、台浅渔场海洋捕捞作业结构调整的探讨

随着闽南、台浅渔场海洋捕捞强度不断增强,捕捞方式和作业结构日趋不合理,渔船效率下降。本文从渔场的渔业资源现状出发,对灯围、拖网等作业规模的总量控制进行探讨,提出加强渔业科学管理,控制拖网,巩固灯围,发展流刺网、深水延绳钓及鱿鱼钓和鱿鱼敷网作业的新路子,以养护和合理利用渔场渔业资源,促进渔业可持续发展。