The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

不同种植密度对机采辣椒品种性状和产量的影响

为明确不同种植密度对机采辣椒品种性状、产量的影响,以适宜机采的辣椒‘辣研102’为研究对象,设置4个种植密度（P0:38 480株/hm²、P1:51 307株/hm²、P2:76 961株/hm²、P3:102 615株/hm²）,分别于贵阳、遵义两地开展田间小区试验。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,辣椒株高呈增加趋势,茎粗呈下降趋势。辣椒根部、地上部生物量均在高密植条件下（P3）时达到最小。辣椒的发病率与病情指数均随种植密度的增加而显著提高,高密植处理条件下（P3）达到最大,发病率分别为41.67%（贵阳）、43.33%（遵义）,病情指数分别为31.05%（贵阳）、29.86%（遵义）。过高的种植密度导致单株辣椒光合作用大幅下降:P1、P2、P3处理条件下光合速率分别较P0处理显著降低13.94%、24.73%、29.66%（遵义）;P1、P2、P3处理条件下辣椒叶片蒸腾速率较P0降低10.02%、19.81%、42.12%（贵阳）。辣椒总产量随种植密度增加而显著提高,而商品果产量随种植密度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。商品果产量在P1条件下获得最大值,相对于P0、P2、P3贵阳辣椒商品果产量显著提高了16.43%、32.81%、41.67%,遵义提高了20.25%、26.67%、61.02%。综合辣椒生长与商品果产量,贵州机采辣椒‘辣研102’最佳种植密度为51307株/hm²。     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

水稻稀播条件下不同秧龄壮秧技术

以南粳9108为试验材料,研究稀播条件下(18000苗/m₂)不同措施对30、35 d秧龄秧苗素质的影响。结果表明:在18000苗/m₂的播种密度下,多效唑浸种能够有效地促进根系生长,矮化秧苗高度,显著提高秧苗素质,对于培育不同秧龄的壮苗均有促进作用。多效唑浸种浓度在0.5 g/L左右最为适宜。     

不同温度下褐带卷蛾茧蜂实验种群生命表

为了探索温度对褐带卷蛾茧蜂Bracon adoxophyesi发育和繁殖的影响,研究了该蜂在6种温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,褐带卷蛾茧蜂各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,在36℃下产卵前期略高于32℃下的产卵前期,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于卵巢发育。随温度降低,其世代历期显著延长,说明低温会显著抑制该蜂发育。各虫态的发育速率与温度的关系符合Logistic模型。该寄生蜂产卵前期的发育起点温度高于其他阶段的发育起点温度。在24℃下单雌产卵量最高,为619.86粒,16℃和36℃下的产卵量最低,分别为139.60粒和154.43粒。在24、28和32℃时,其种群趋势指数分别为101.78、74.25和73.41,在36℃和16℃时,其种群趋势指数较低,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于其种群繁殖,且低温的影响大于高温。在24~32℃下,褐带卷蛾茧蜂的种群趋势指数较高,说明24~32℃是适宜该寄生蜂种群增长的温度范围。     

狭域特有种元江蚬木群落特征及种群结构分析

[目的]通过对元江蚬木群落特征及种群结构的分析,为狭域特有种的生物多样性保育提供理论基础。[方法]采取典型选样法在元江县干热河谷区域元江蚬木集中分布地段设置了5个固定样地和4条样线,调查元江蚬木的种群数量及伴生树种的名称、数量/盖度、胸径、生境特征以及人为干扰状况,根据重要值、生活型及大小级结构等方法分析元江蚬木群落特征及种群结构。[结果]元江蚬木集中分布在元江县的普漂、元洼路、白沟深、鲁业冲以及施坻冲等区域,呈零星或小片断状分布;元江蚬木所处群落的植被类型为季雨林-落叶季雨林,样地中记录到维管植物共计83种,隶属39科69属,其中,落叶树种比例高达90.9%,群落内高位芽植物比例最高,达60.24%,其次是地上芽植物,比例19.28%。调查发现元江蚬木共计412株,种群结构整体呈稳定型,其中,Ⅵ级木(20 cm≤DBH)数量最少,比例9.47%,其次是Ⅴ级(15≤DBH20 cm),比例10.92%,其它大小级个体数量无显著差异;由于人为干扰等原因,衰退型、增长型与稳定型存在于不同的样地或样线。[结论]元江蚬木所处群落的植被类型为季雨林-落叶季雨林;种群结构整体呈稳定型,但增长型、稳定型和衰退型结构在不同地点并存;实生苗和萌枝是元江蚬木种群更新的主要方式,元江蚬木的幼苗和幼树在不同分布地点数量差异很大,生境干旱和人为干扰是影响种群更新的主要原因。     

含水量和容重对旱地耕层土壤热导率的影响及预测

土壤热导率是研究地表能量平衡和土壤水热运移过程中的一个基础参数。受土壤耕作、干湿交替和根系生长等过程的影响,耕层土壤的含水率和结构呈现较强的变异特征,而目前缺乏关于定量分析耕层土壤热导率变异特征的研究。该研究利用田间定位试验,采用热脉冲技术测定了含水率和容重变化条件下耕层土壤热导率的变异特征,并利用传递函数模型对耕层土壤热导率进行了预测。结果表明:含水率和容重是影响耕层土壤热导率变异的主要因子,而耕作强度和干湿交替是这种变异的关键驱动力;与翻耕和旋耕处理相比,免耕处理提高了土壤容重和含水率,从而增大了土壤热导率;在干湿交替作用下,翻耕后土壤容重逐步增加,耕层热导率也呈现上升趋势,波动幅度与含水率的变化相关。基于含水率、容重和质地信息,土壤热导率传递函数模型可以给出可靠的田间土壤热导率估计值,其均方根误差和平均偏差分别为0.09和-0.01 W/(m·K);考虑耕层土壤容重的动态信息,可以提高该模型预测土壤热导率的准确性。