阳澄湖养蟹网围内外轮虫群落结构的变化及分析

2008年6月至2009年5月对阳澄湖养蟹网围及湖区3组对照点中轮虫群落结构及部分水质特征参数进行调查,分析了轮虫群落结构与环境变量的关系,利用多种参数对其水质进行评价。经鉴定,共采集到轮虫83种,隶属于12科30属。研究表明,网围内3个采样点的年平均生物密度及生物量低于湖区3个采样点,生物密度与水温呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。不同月份受不同环境变量的影响,除4月份外,环境变量对生物密度的影响在采样点之间无差异。相似度分析表明,网围内及相邻湖区的轮虫优势种相似性高。水质分析表明,6个采样点均为富营养化、β-α中污染水体,东湖网围C₁和中湖网围A₁2采样点程度稍轻,但6个采样点之间无显著性差异,这与用卡尔森营养状态指数得出的结果相似。     

Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater

Ocean net pen production of Atlantic salmon is approaching 2 million metric tons (MT) annually and has proven to be cost- and energy-efficient. Recently, with technology improvements, freshwater aquaculture of Atlantic salmon from eggs to harvestable size of 4–5 kg in land-based closed containment (LBCC) water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) has been demonstrated as a viable production technology. Land-based, closed containment water recirculating aquaculture systems technology offers the ability to fully control the rearing environment and provides flexibility in locating a production facility close to the market and on sites where cost of land and power are competitive. This flexibility offers distinct advantages over Atlantic salmon produced in open net pen systems, which is dependent on access to suitable coastal waters and a relatively long transport distance to supply the US market. Consequently, in this paper we present an analysis of the investment needed, the production cost, the profitability and the carbon footprint of producing 3300 MT of head-on gutted (HOG) Atlantic salmon from eggs to US market (wholesale) using two different production systems—LBCC-RAS technology and open net pen (ONP) technology using enterprise budget analysis and carbon footprint with the LCA method. In our analysis we compare the traditional open net pen production system in Norway and a model freshwater LBCC-RAS facility in the US. The model ONP is small compared to the most ONP systems in Norway, but the LBCC-RAS is large compared to any existing LBCC-RAS for Atlantic salmon. The results need to be interpreted with this in mind. Results of the financial analysis indicate that the total production costs for two systems are relatively similar, with LBCC-RAS only 10% higher than the ONP system on a head-on gutted basis (5.60 US$/kg versus 5.08 US$/kg, respectively). Without interest and depreciation, the two production systems have an almost equal operating cost (4.30 US$/kg for ONP versus 4.37 US$/kg for LBCC-RAS). Capital costs of the two systems are not similar for the same 3300 MT of head-on gutted salmon. The capital cost of the LBCC-RAS model system is approximately 54,000,000 US$ and the capital cost of the ONP system is approximately 30,000,000 US$, a difference of 80%. However, the LBCC-RAS model system selling salmon at a 30% price premium is comparatively as profitable as the ONP model system (profit margin of 18% versus 24%, respectively), even though its 15-year net present value is negative and its return on investment is lower than ONP system (9% versus 18%, respectively). The results of the carbon footprint analysis confirmed that production of feed is the dominating climate aspect for both production methods, but also showed that energy source and transport methods are important. It was shown that fresh salmon produced in LBCC-RAS systems close to a US market that use an average US electricity mix have a much lower carbon footprint than fresh salmon produced in Norway in ONP systems shipped to the same market by airfreight, 7.41 versus 15.22 kg CO₂eq/kg salmon HOG, respectively. When comparing the carbon footprint of production-only, the LBCC-RAS-produced salmon has a carbon footprint that is double that of the ONP-produced salmon, 7.01 versus 3.39 kg CO₂eq/kg salmon live-weight, respectively.     

猪排泄地点选择及其对圈栏污染程度的影响

该文论述了影响猪排泄地点的选择和圈栏内污染程度的各种环境(温度、湿度、光、气流速度、垫草)、设备布局(圈栏尺寸、形状、设备相对位置、隔栏方式)、管理(调教、喂料)等因素,并对评价圈栏内污染程度的方法进行探讨。旨在指导科学布置圈栏,将圈栏设计成长窄形,漏缝地板设在短向一侧;并尽量育成和育肥分开饲养,避免在育成阶段饲养面积偏大;通过工程手段实现漏缝地板处和躺卧区在温度和气流速度上的差异,以实现猪群在局部漏缝地板排泄。在生产管理中,避免饲养密度过大;通过通风系统控制圈栏内的温度以及空气污染;转群时进行调教,喂料有规律并对疾病进行及时诊断和治疗,都能降低圈栏污染程度,以实现真正意义的清洁生产。     

Mud crab pen culture: replacement of fish feed requirement and impacts on mangrove community structure

Brackishwater pond culture has been a major factor in mangrove loss in Southeast Asia, hence, the need to develop environment‐friendly technologies such as mud crab Scylla (Portunidae) culture in mangrove pens exists. This study evaluated the effects of mud crab netpen systems in central Philippines on mangrove macroflora, and the replacement of dietary fish with low‐cost pellets. Wild or hatchery‐sourced Scylla olivacea and Scylla serrata were stocked at 0.5–0.8 m⁻² in 167–200 m² nylon netpens (2.3 cm stretched mesh) in Avicennia‐dominated mangrove habitats. The feeding treatments were: (A) Zarraga: (1) no feeding (natural productivity), (2) no feeding for 1 month+supplementary feeding, (3) fish biomass and (4) low‐cost pellets, and (B) Batan: (1) fish biomass and (2) pellets+fish biomass. Feeds were given ad libitum twice daily. Growth and survival rates of S. olivacea in Zarraga pens were not significantly different among treatments, although crabs fed fish biomass had the highest survival, body weight and production. Similarly, growth and survival of S. serrata were not significantly different between the Batan treatments. Economic analysis of the latter gave a 38.5% return on investment (ROI) and 2.6 years payback period (PP) for pellets+fish biomass treatment compared with 27.5% ROI and 3.6 years PP for fish alone. Sensitivity analysis showed an improved economic performance of the pellets+fish biomass treatment by increasing the survival rate. Evaluation of mangrove community structure showed that crab culture reduced species diversity, numbers and biomass of seedlings and saplings, but not of mangrove trees. Therefore, mud crab pen culture is recommended for mangrove sites with mature trees, but not seedlings and saplings, and low‐cost pellets can reduce dependence on fish biomass.     

大水面网围精养对水环境的影响及其对策

大水面网围精养对水环境的影响及其对策吴庆龙，陈开宁，高光，范成新，季江，隋桂荣，周万平（中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所，２１０００８）关键词网围养鱼，水环境，对策ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＰＥＮＦＩＳＨＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＯＮＷＡＴＥＲＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＮＤ...     

东太湖河蟹网围养殖的环境效应

通过对东太湖网围养蟹区内外的生态环境因子的观测分析和养蟹区N、P等营养物质的平衡估算,结果表明,草型湖泊适合河蟹的养殖;不投饵时,养蟹有助于减轻湖泊内的营养负荷;而投饵的利用和转化率很低,多数饵料沉积于湖底或进入湖水中,从而影响湖泊生态环境。与湖泊小面积高密度养鱼相比较,网围养蟹的万元利润污染只有养鱼的1/14,利润却是养鱼的1.8倍。因此低密度网围养蟹是兼顾东太湖渔业资源开发和环境保护的有效方式。     

圈养条件对成年东北林蛙(R.dybowskii)形态特征、体尺比例及产油量的影响

为了探索人工养殖条件对东北林蛙形态特征及生产性能的影响,从外部形态、体型指标及产油量 等方面对成体野生和圈养东北林蛙进行了对比研究。结果表明,与野生雌性林蛙相比,圈养雌性林蛙的体表背部黑 斑比例、体长、后肢长极显著降低(P<0．01),而重长比、产油量呈极显著升高(P<0．01);另外,圈养条件极显著地 提高了雌性林蛙的产油量与体长、体重与体长、体长与后肢长的相关系数(P<0．01)。     

Management of calving in Norwegian cubicle-housed dairy herds.

Sixty of the 65 dairy farms with cubicle houses in the Norwegian county of Oppland were included in a field study of the management of calving in 1990. The farmers recorded the location of the cow when giving birth, farmer presence and whether assistance was given during calving, occurrence of suckling, and time after birth when cow and calf were separated. Such data were recorded for a total of 1125 calvings. About 10% occurred on pasture, while 78% of the remaining calvings took place in the cubicle-equipped section. Thirteen percent calved in a calving pen, the remaining cows being tethered at the time of calving. Thirty-two percent of the calvings took place in houses lacking a calving pen altogether. Farmers were present during 41% of the calvings. Suckling most frequently occurred after pasture calvings, and was least frequent after calvings within the cubicle-equipped section of the cowhouse. Injuries to the calf caused by trampling or contact with fittings etc. were rare, and no more common in association with calving in the cubicle-equipped section than with calving taking place with the cow isolated from the rest of the herd. All calves were removed from their dams within 24 h after birth.     

Factors affecting agonistic interactions of pigs after regrouping in pens with a box

To determine the factors affecting agonistic interactions after regrouping, 24 pigs were allocated to six pens that each had a box. Half of the pigs were experienced in using the box. One castrated male and one female pig were transferred from each pen to another pen at random. The number of pigs attacked was particularly large for the pigs that had no experience in using the box and were transferred on the first day ( P <  0.05). The duration of access to the box was markedly longer for the pigs that had experience in using the box and were not transferred on the first day ( P <  0.05). The number and duration of attacks were significantly larger and longer toward unfamiliar individuals than toward familiar ones (both P < 0.01). The number of attacks toward the same sex was significantly larger than toward the opposite sex ( P <  0.01). A negative correlation was found between the number of agonistic interactions on the first day and the range of body weights in the pen mates ( r =  −0.78, P  = 0.07). In conclusion, regrouping with unfamiliar individuals should be avoided, but when unavoidable, the following methods are recommended to reduce agonistic interactions: (1) ensure the intruders are experienced in using a box, (2) move experienced intruders in with residents that have no experience in using a box, (3) mix different sexes, and (4) have wide variations in body weights in a pen.