Seasonal critical concentration and relationships of leaf phosphorus and potassium status with biomass and yield traits of soybean

Analysis of uppermost fully expanded leaves is useful to detect a deficiency of mineral nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in soybean. Although, the leaf P or K status aids in fertilizer management, information on nutrient seasonal relationships with growth and yield traits at maturity are limited. To investigate this, soybean was grown under varying P or K nutrition under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. Results show significant relationships of the relative total biomass and yield‐related traits with the foliar P and K concentrations measured several times in the season across CO₂ levels. However, the relationships established earlier in the season showed that the growth period between 25 and 37 d after planting (DAP), representing the beginning of flowering and pod, respectively, is the best for leaf sampling to determine the foliar P or K status. The leaf P and K status as well as the critical leaf P (CLPC) and K (CLKC) concentrations for traits such as seed yield peaked around 30 DAP (R2 stage) and tended to decline thereafter with the plant age. The CLPC and CLKC of seed yield indicate that the leaf P and K concentration of at least 2.74 mg g^?1 and 19.06 mg g^?1, respectively, in the uppermost fully expanded leaves are needed between 25 and 37 DAP for near‐optimum soybean yield. Moreover, the greatest impact of P and K deficiency occurred for the traits that contribute the most to the soybean yield (e.g., relative total biomass, seed yield, pod and seed numbers), while traits such as seed number per pod, seed size, and shelling percentages were the least affected and showed smaller leaf critical concentration. The CLPC or CLKC for biomass and seed yield was greater under elevated CO₂ 24–25 DAP but varied thereafter. These results are useful to researchers and farmers to understand the dynamics of the relationship of pre‐harvest leaf P and K status with soybean productivity at maturity, and in the determination of suitable growth stage to collect leaf samples.     

Early stages of Margaritifera margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon: Morphopathological characterization

Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida encyst into the fish mucosa to metamorphose and complete their life cycle, causing a parasitic disease known as glochidiosis. This parasitic stage represents a bottleneck for the survival of naiads, particularly for critically endangered species as Margaritifera margaritifera; however, little is known about the events occurring during this critical stage. Therefore, this study aimed to histologically characterize the development of M. margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon to get insight into the pathogenesis of this interaction. Fish exposed to glochidia were sampled during the first 44 days post-exposure, and organs were observed by stereomicroscopy and light microscopy. Glochidia attached to the gills by pinching the lamellar epithelium, whereupon an acute proliferative branchitis engulfed most of the larvae. However, during the first 14 days, a severe detachment of unviable glochidia occurred, associated with the presence of pleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial degeneration. In the cases where larvae remained attached, a chronification of the lesions with none to scarce inflammation was observed. These results provide key information to better understand the complex host–parasite interaction during the early stages of glochidiosis and provide valuable information to optimize artificial rearing of naiads in conservation of threatened freshwater mussel populations.     

黄河三角洲盐碱地低效防护林现状分析与类型划分

[目的]依据黄河三角洲盐碱地低效防护林的现状,探讨其成因机理并进行类型划分,为黄河三角洲盐碱地低效防护林恢复及重建提供理论依据和技术支撑,完善现有盐碱地防护林体系建设。[方法]通过全面、深入的调查,结合已有的研究成果,分析黄河三角洲盐碱地低效防护林的成因机理;依据低效林的立地条件、生长特点和形成原因等因素,划分其主要类型并探讨每种类型的改造技术。[结果]黄河三角洲地区现有盐碱地防护林由于受自然诱发因素和非自然因素及其共同作用的影响,有相当一部分林分形成了低效林;低效林可划分为6种主要类型,针对每种类型的低效林改造,应采取不同的技术方式和方法。[结论]低效林改造技术涉及低效林成因分析、类型划分和改造方式选择等一系列环节,在实施低效林改造的实践中应把握好每一环节,因地(林)制宜进行实施;针对黄河三角洲地区盐碱地防护林是生态公益林的实际,亦应处理好技术与政策的关系。     

福建安溪茶产业集群形成机制研究

福建安溪的茶产业集群经过长期的发展，取得了显著的成效。福建安溪茶产业集群形成的内部优势包括区域资源禀赋、产业链迂回、龙头企业推动等，外部力量主要是市场催生、政策拉动以及独特的传统社会文化环境等。建议农业产业集群发展要在农户层面、企业层面和产业集群层面做好政策支持。     

促进绿色未来的全球木材科学与技术研究进展——国际林联第25届世界大会木材议题综述

国际林业研究组织联盟（IUFRO）第25届世界大会于2019年在巴西召开。文中从木材生长、木材性质与质量、木材识别、木材加工利用和木文化5个方面分别论述了这次大会在木材科学与技术领域的国际最新研究热点与进展，以反映全球木材科学的研究现状，并梳理学科发展方向。木材形成、木材质量、木材高附加值利用、木材识别新技术等议题依然是木材科学与技术领域的未来研究热点。     

食品中矮壮素与缩节胺的形成及其检测方法研究进展

植物生长调节剂是一种特殊的含有植物激素活性的农药,能够起到改善农作物质量和控制植物生长的作用,近年来植物生长调节剂的毒性及其残留危害吸引了众多研究人员的关注。其中,矮壮素(CHLM)和缩节胺(MEP)作为常用的2种植物生长调节剂,其使用不当和残留危害所引起的食品安全问题并没有引起足够的重视。最近的研究工作将CHLM和MEP确立为大麦麦芽烘烤过程的副产品,而用于研究的大麦属于生态类型,经验证不含任何植物生长调节剂。由此可知,CHLM和MEP是由食品中的天然成分经过热加工处理后形成的化合物。CHLM和MEP作为新的食品加工污染物已成为食品安全问题的研究热点。对CHLM、MEP在食品中的形成进行了综述,并对其检测技术进行总结,以期为CHLM和MEP的研究提供参考。     

麦油稻轮作秸秆还田与施氮对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

以宜香优2115为材料,采用二因素裂区设计:主区设小麦或油菜秸秆全量翻埋还田(M_1)和秸秆不还田对照(M_0);副区设4个氮肥管理,不施氮(N_0),基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为10∶0∶0∶0(N_1),基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2(N_2),基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为2∶2∶3∶3(N_3),研究秸秆还田和氮肥管理对直播稻的光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:麦–稻或油–稻轮作下,氮肥管理对直播稻主要生育时期的干物质积累、光合特性及产量均存在显著或极显著的调控效应,秸秆还田显著影响水稻拔节期、齐穗期的叶面积指数(LAI)及群体干物质积累,同时油–稻轮作下其调控效应高于麦–稻轮作模式。秸秆不还田时,配合N_3施肥方式,可有效提高直播稻结实期剑叶净光合速率、SPAD值和叶面积指数,延缓叶片衰老,且在拔节期至成熟期间保持较高的群体生长率,干物质积累优势明显;秸秆还田下,配以基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2的管理模式,麦茬或油茬直播稻群体构建合理,结实期剑叶光合能力强,有效穗、每穗粒数较多,表现高产,产量最高可达10 090、10 693 kg/hm~2。综合分析,麦–稻或油–稻轮作下秸秆还田,配合基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2的氮肥管理模式,能实现直播稻的高产稳产。     

精准扶贫的逻辑形成基础与研究维度述评

党的十八大以来，学术界围绕精准扶贫理论与实践的研究，成果丰硕。精准扶贫理论来源和其形成背景，构成了精准扶贫的逻辑形成基础。梳理关于精准扶贫的相关研究，可以归纳出精准扶贫的概念界定和内涵特征、实践模式和路径、精准扶贫实施过程中的问题等研究维度。考察学术界现有研究发现，研究中缺乏互动式辩论，实证性研究较少等，针对这些问题进行深化研究有助于在我国扶贫工作的冲刺期构建更有针对性的扶贫机制。     

Non‐spherical pearl layers in the Polynesian ‘black‐lipped’ Pinctada margaritifera: The non‐nacreous deposits compared to microstructure of the shell growing edge

Cultivated pearls frequently exhibit morphological irregularities making obvious that mineral deposition was irregularly distributed onto nucleus surface. Taking advantage of experimental cultivations with short durations (from 10 days to few months), these irregular deposits predating occurrence of the nacre were investigated in Polynesian pearls by biochemical characterizations and a series of physical methods. Diversity in the resulting data suggests that various in‐depth alterations of the biomineralization mechanism may have occurred during the grafting process, leading to diversity in the biochemical pathways to nacreous deposition. This allows a precise discussion of current views about pearl formation. The “reversed shell theory” is formally disproved through point to point comparison with development of the shell growing edge. Similarity of pearl formation with “regeneration” or “shell repair” is also discussed, emphasizing the differences between these concepts.     

黄土高原旱地小麦覆膜增产与氮肥增效分析

【目的】研究覆膜栽培条件下黄土高原旱地冬小麦产量形成规律和氮肥吸收运移特征,为旱地小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2012—2016年在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,通过农户模式(FP)、农户施肥+垄膜沟播模式(RFSF1)、监控施肥+垄膜沟播处理(RFSF2)和监控施肥+全膜覆土穴播处理(WFFHS)4种不同栽培模式,具体分析不同施肥和覆膜措施互作对黄土旱塬冬小麦产量形成、地上部氮素积累转移、土壤硝态氮残留以及土壤氮素平衡的影响。【结果】试验期间,农户模式冬小麦平均产量为3 367 kg·hm~(-2),通过监控施肥覆膜种植,平均产量可提升至4 491 kg·hm~(-2),监控施肥对籽粒产量形成的贡献率为14.8%,监控施肥和覆膜协同贡献率达24.7%—42.1%。黄土旱塬冬小麦产量形成主要取决于公顷穗数,其次是千粒重。WFFHS处理因其合理的群体构建和良好水肥条件具有最高公顷穗数、千粒重和籽粒产量,平均分别为581×104穗/hm2、44.3 g和4 785 kg·hm~(-2)。从地上部氮素转运看,冬小麦地上部吸收氮素的花后转运量与生物产量和经济产量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.959**和0.960**。农户模式小麦籽粒中3/4氮素来源于花前营养器官的转移,1/4氮素来源于花后根系土壤吸收。通过监控施肥覆膜种植可显著提高花前营养器官氮素向籽粒的转移量,其转运贡献率在81.4%—88.8%。从土壤氮素残留看,长期过量施氮已导致黄土旱塬麦田土壤硝态氮在1 m土层的累积,累积量在100 kg·hm~(-2)以上,20—60 cm土层为累积峰值。经过连续4年种植,农户模式2 m土壤硝态氮累积量达277 kg·hm~(-2),较2012年播前增加了87.7%,其中75%的硝态氮集中在0—120 cm土层,监控施肥覆膜种植处理2 m土壤硝态氮累积量较2012年播前仅增加15.7%—24.2%。试验期间土壤残留硝态氮有随降水向下淋移的趋势,表现为2016年收获期各处理在120—200 cm土层较2012年播前有10.2%—133.7%的增幅。从4年土壤氮平衡角度总体评价,土壤残留氮素具有一定后效作用,各处理氮肥表观利用率在28.8%—56.7%,氮肥表观残留率在12.1%—28.9%,氮肥表观损失率在31.2%—49.6%。监控施肥覆膜种植可减少土壤氮表观损失量和土壤残留量,增加氮表观矿化量。其中WFFHS处理更大程度上利用了历年土壤残留硝态氮和有机质的矿化氮,具有相对低的氮素表观残留率(12.1%)和氮素表观损失率(31.2%)以及相对高的氮素表观利用率(56.7%)。【结论】全膜覆土穴播监控施肥种植可更好地改善土壤水肥供应条件,更大程度利用历年土壤残留硝态氮,增加地上部氮素积累量、积累氮素向籽粒的转移贡献率,构建合理群体,最终获得显著的增产效应和较高的氮素利用效率,是黄土高原冬小麦区有效的栽培措施。