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1.
Piscirickettsia salmonis, the aetiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), is a global pathogen of wild and cultured marine salmonids. Here, we describe the development and application of a reproducible, standardized immersion challenge model to induce clinical SRS in juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), Atlantic (Salmo salar) and sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Following a 1‐hr immersion in 105 colony‐forming units/ml, cumulative mortality in Atlantic salmon was 63.2% while mortality in sockeye salmon was 10%. Prevalence and levels of the bacterium in kidney prior to onset of mortality were lower in sockeye compared with Atlantic or pink salmon. The timing and magnitude of bacterial shedding were estimated from water samples collected during the exposure trials. Shedding was estimated to be 82‐fold higher in Atlantic salmon as compared to sockeye salmon and peaked in the Atlantic salmon trial at 36 d post‐immersion. These data suggest sockeye salmon are less susceptible to P. salmonis than Atlantic or pink salmon. Finally, skin lesions were observed on infected fish during all trials, often in the absence of detectable infection in kidney. As a result, we hypothesize that skin is the primary point of entry for P. salmonis during the immersion challenge.  相似文献   
2.
 星油藤(Plukenetia volubilis L.) 是一种重要的藤本油料植物,在我国华南地区广泛种植。青枯病是近两年在海南星油藤种植区发生的新病害,为探究星油藤青枯病菌的基本特性及种下分化情况,本研究对分离的6株代表菌株进行了相关分析。细菌学鉴定及致病性测定结果表明,该病害是由类茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum)侵染引起。同时,从传统分类及分子生物学不同层面分析了星油藤青枯病菌的遗传分化情况。生理小种及生化变种的测试结果表明,星油藤青枯病菌属于1号生理小种和生化变种Ⅲ;16S rDNA和egl基因部分序列聚类分析显示,星油藤青枯病菌属类茄科雷尔氏菌演化型Ⅰ即亚洲分支菌株,序列变种34。  相似文献   
3.
The epidemic outbreak in northern Europe of Neonectria neomacrospora, the causal agent of dieback in Abies spp., led the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) to include the pathogen on its alert list in 2017. Effective monitoring of this pathogen calls for a rapid and sensitive method of identification and quantification. A probe‐based real‐time PCR (qPCR) assay based on the β‐tubulin gene was developed for the detection and quantification of N. neomacrospora in infected wood samples, and directly for ascospores. This study presents the first published species–specific molecular detection assay for N. neomacrospora. The analytical specificity was validated on taxonomically closely related fungal species as well as on 18 fungal species associated with the host (Abies sp.). The analytical sensitivity was tested on naturally infected wood, on purified pathogen DNA in a matrix of host DNA and on N. neomacrospora ascospores for detection of airborne inoculum. The latter was tested both with a DNA extraction step prior to qPCR and without DNA extraction by direct qPCR on collected ascospores. The assay was specific to N. neomacrospora, with a sensitivity of 130 fg purified DNA, or 10 ascospores by direct qPCR. Omitting DNA extraction and amplifying directly on unpurified ascospores improved assay sensitivity significantly.  相似文献   
4.
本研究旨在探索水貂肠炎病毒(mink enteritis virus,MEV)的母源抗体消长规律及其亚单位疫苗免疫效果。以免疫母貂所生仔貂为研究对象,采集21、30、45、60日龄仔貂血清,测定水貂病毒性肠炎母源抗体HI效价(MEV HI);选取25只47~52日龄健康水貂接种制备MEV基因工程亚单位疫苗,免疫前后14 d采血测定MEV HI效价;免疫后14 d进行水貂肠炎病毒攻毒临床症状观察,并测定粪便HA效价;攻毒后14 d对濒死和存活水貂安乐死,采集十二指肠、空肠和回肠进行病理组织学观察和免疫组化检测。结果显示,免疫母貂所产仔貂的MEV HI效价随着日龄的增加逐渐降低,在21日龄时较高,45日龄时少部分仔貂MEV HI效价<1:32,60日龄时大部分仔貂HI效价≤ 1:4;使用制备合格疫苗免疫后14 d对照组水貂的MEV HI效价均不高于1:4,免疫组MEV HI效价升高至1:64~1:512;攻毒保护试验表明,免疫组水貂100%抵抗水貂肠炎病毒强毒的攻击,水貂的精神、饮食、粪便等均未见异常,且攻毒后粪便HA效价为1:8~1:16;病理组织学和免疫组化检测结果表明,MEV基因工程亚单位疫苗能够很好地阻止病毒在肠黏膜上皮细胞的复制和对肠黏膜上皮细胞的损伤。因此,免疫母貂所生仔貂21日龄时体内抗体效价最高,制备的疫苗免疫50日龄左右的水貂时能够突破母源抗体干扰并产生高水平的抗体,能够抵抗水貂肠炎病毒强毒株的攻击。  相似文献   
5.
Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive cankers of stems belonging to a wide range of woody plant species. In severe cases, cankers may lead to dieback of twigs and branches. Little is known about the Cytospora species causing canker disease of wild apple (Malus sieversii) trees in the Wild Fruit Forest Reserve in Tianshan Forest, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, six Cytospora isolates belonging to two species were isolated from cankerous lesions of wild apple twigs. Based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis using three DNA markers (ITS, tef1‐α and tub2) and morphological characterization, these isolates were identified as Cytospora mali and Cytospora parasitica. Temperature trials (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) showed that the optimal growth temperature for six isolates was 25°C. At a variety of temperatures, C. mali isolates tended to grow faster than isolates of C. parasitica, with the C. mali isolate, EGI1 performing better than others with regard to growth rate. Morphological observations showed that these species exhibited a single locule without conceptacles, and the conidia length was 3–5 μm. In vitro inoculation trials of twigs and leaves of M. sieversii seedlings revealed that the C. mali isolates were highly virulent phytopathogenic fungi, whereas the C. parasitica isolates were less virulent. The isolate EGI1 was the most virulent isolate among the six isolates. This paper presents the first report of pathogenic Cytospora spp. of the M. sieversii Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Reserve of Yili, Xinjiang in China. It will aid in the understanding of how apple tree cankers are induced and provide disease management guidelines for M. sieversii forest conservation.  相似文献   
6.
 树木腐烂病在新疆主林果种植区均有不同程度的发生,近年呈加重趋势。本研究在调查了新疆阿克苏、和田、伊犁、喀什和库尔勒等地区苹果树、核桃树和杨树3种林果腐烂病田间发病情况的基础上,重点对14个样本点的样品进行病原物的分离与鉴定。结果表明,各样本点3种林果均有不同程度的腐烂病发生,分离鉴定结果为引起苹果树腐烂病病原菌主要为Valsa mali var. mali(分离频率为64.5%),其次是V. mali var. pyri(25.8%)、V. malicola(3.2%)和V. nivea(6.5%);引起核桃树和杨树腐烂病病原菌为V. sordida(分离频率为83.3%和96%)和V. nivea(分离频率为16.7%和4%)。离体枝条及苹果果实上的致病性测定结果表明,3种林果上分离得到的病原菌均能感染原寄主。引起新疆部分地区苹果树腐烂病的主要病原菌是Valsa mali var. mali,核桃树和杨树腐烂病的主要病原菌是V. sordida。同时,基于实际生产中存在感病枯死杨树枝干作为苹果园、核桃园树体支撑木的现象,推测3种林果腐烂病菌间可能存在交叉感染的潜在风险。  相似文献   
7.
本研究采用PSA培养基对上海地区的番茄棒孢叶斑病的病原菌进行分离、培养及致病性测定,通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定病原菌,并对该病菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:番茄棒孢叶斑病病原菌菌落呈灰褐色,菌丝质地致密、绒毛状;分生孢子单生或串生,圆柱形或倒棍棒形、顶端钝圆,基部平截,呈半透明至浅褐色,假隔膜4~10个,直或稍弯曲,基脐加厚,深褐色。结合病原菌rDNA ITS序列测定、比对后,确定该病原为多主棒孢Corynespora cassiicola。该病菌的菌丝生长最适温度为25~30℃,最适pH范围为4~8,产孢的最适温度约为25℃,最适pH范围为5~9,麦芽糖和乳糖为碳源的培养基适宜菌丝生长,可溶性淀粉和乳糖溶液中孢子萌发率最高,光暗交替条件适宜菌丝生长,孢子在水滴中极易萌发。这是该病在上海地区的首次报道。  相似文献   
8.
European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees currently face the major threat of ash dieback caused by an invasive fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Collar rots in F. excelsior have been increasingly associated with infections by this pathogen. However, the aetiology of the collar rots is still unclear and remains heavily debated. In contrast to most studies of this kind, entire rootstocks of four diseased ash trees were dug out to examine necrotic tissues in these rootstocks and stem bases in detail and to sample necrotic wood for fungal isolation. With the aid of morphological and molecular identification techniques, five to twelve fungal taxa were detected per tree. Members of the Nectriaceae family and Botryosphaeria stevensii, the causal agent of stem and branch cankers on many tree species, were frequently isolated from outer xylem. In contrast, H. fraxineus was the dominating species in interior wood layers. Microsatellite genotyping of 77 H. fraxineus isolates helped to identify up to six different genotypes per tree. The role of H. fraxineus and other isolated fungi in the aetiology of ash collar rots are discussed.  相似文献   
9.
粤北地区杉木真菌性病害种类   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对粤北地区 ( 小坑林场、龙山林场、大坑山林场 ) 杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolate)真菌性病害进行全面调查,共采集 86 份标本,分离病组织获得菌株 162 份,主要归属于炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)、腐皮壳属(Diaporthe)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、黑孢菌属(Nigrospora)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、叶点霉属(Phyllosticta)以及散斑壳属(Lophodermium)等。根据病害症状粤北地区主要杉木病害包括:杉木立枯病、杉木炭疽病、杉木溃疡病、杉木顶枯病、杉木梢枯病、杉木赤枯病、杉木球果坏死。各林场杉木林中,杉木炭疽病普遍发生、分布广;种子园中杉木球果病害危害严重,直接影响球果的产量和质量;在大坑山林场 4-5 年生的林分中,杉木顶枯病大面积发生,但在其它地区少有发生;此外,杉木溃疡病、杉木赤枯病和杉木立枯病在个别无性系或者苗圃中零星发生,但危害较轻。  相似文献   
10.
The ascomycete fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, causal agent of chestnut blight, is probably one of the best known invasive fungal pathogens in forests of Europe and North America. Mycovirus that reduces virulence of C. parasitica can be used as a biocontrol agent of the chestnut blight. However, anastomosis‐mediated virus transmission is limited by a vegetative (in)compatibility (vc) system involving at least six known diallelic vic genetic loci. This study looked at vegetative compatibility (vc) diversity in two populations of C. parasitica in Croatia. For that purpose, a PCR assay was validated and implemented using already known/published and newly designed primers for amplification of six known vic loci. The vc genotypes determined by PCR for 158 C. parasitica isolates investigated in this study were in complete agreement with the vc genotypes determined by pairwise co‐culturing of the same isolates, revealing the specificity and accuracy of the PCR‐based molecular vic genotyping assay. Twenty‐six unique vc genotypes were found among 158 isolates, and 19 vc types per population, which makes Croatian C. parasitica populations among the most diverse in Europe regarding the number of vc types and genetic diversity. Low values of multilocus linkage disequilibrium suggest sexual reproduction as a major contributor to high C. parasitica genetic diversity in studied populations.  相似文献   
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