云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

轻型木结构墙体稳态传热性能及其保温材料影响比较

轻型木结构墙体的热工性能对建筑节能至关重要,其稳态传热性能是节能效率评估指标之一。工程调研发现,轻型木结构墙体墙骨柱热传递过程易产生冷热桥,改善墙体保温构造并通过试验测试,对得到不同构造的墙体传热系数等指标进行分析研究,有利于设计人员优选墙体设计参数、研发墙体新型保温材料。试验采用标定热箱法与热流计法相结合的试验方法——控温箱-热流计法对改善保温措施的墙体进行试验,分析了12种墙体试件的热流密度、传热系数、热阻以及日传热量参数,并与理论计算结果进行比较验证,试验结果与理论计算结果吻合性较好。研究发现:气凝胶毡放置在墙骨柱位置能够有效降低平均传热系数3.8%~15.0%,随厚度增加可逐渐减弱或消除墙骨柱冷热桥效应;聚苯乙烯保温板可有效降低传热系数32.4%~35.1%,墙体蓄热能力较好;纳米纤维保温材料可有效降低传热系数5.9%~8.7%,提高墙体冷热面温差,平衡室内温度。选取的3种保温材料中,聚苯乙烯保温板相比气凝胶毡和纳米纤维保温材料,对墙体整体热工性能的提升更为显著。     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

宁夏清水河产业带新型城镇化与房地产业耦合发展空间分析

基于新型城镇化与房地产业耦合发展为视角,建立了宁夏清水河产业带新型城镇化与房地产业发展耦合度评价指标体系,借助耦合协调度模型与耦合发展度模型,对该区10个县(区)单元的新型城镇化与房地产业发展的耦合关系进行空间分析。结果表明：① 研究区新型城镇化与房地产业整体协调度处于磨合阶段,系统之间相互作用与影响力显著,但并没有达到协调水平,协调度最高的是同心县,最低的是红寺堡区；② 新型城镇化与房地产业整体发展度处于中等水平,且空间格局差异较大,耦合发展度最高的是沙坡头区,最低的是红寺堡区；③ 依据耦合协调度与发展度的组合可将研究区新型城镇化与房地产业发展耦合关系分为4大类型：高发展协调区、高发展磨合区、中发展拮抗区、低发展拮抗区。建议在未来新型城镇化建设过程中政府应因城因地的采取差别化的房地产宏观调控政策,促进房地产业发展与新型城镇化建设的协调关系。     

层状非均质包气带渗透性特征及其对降水入渗的影响

不同的岩性界面影响了降水在包气带中的入渗、运移与再分布过程,其影响机制仍是有待研究的学科前沿问题。针对上述问题,基于层状非均质包气带6 m×4 m×5 m样方,开展了多场次自然降水入渗过程的原位试验监测,研究结果表明层状非均质结构对降水入渗过程和速率影响明显:(1)地层分界面处土壤含水率呈现陡降变化特征;(2)220 cm深度以上包气带中土壤含水率对降水入渗响应变化敏感,呈含水率陡变的多峰谷式脉冲响应变化特征,其中20～100 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为22.58%～29.76%,120～200 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为13.74%～20.74%;220 cm深度以下包气带中土壤含水率对降水入渗响应滞缓,年内呈现平缓单峰响应变化特征,反映了多场次降雨的累积效应,其中220～400 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为2.3%～12.15%,430～460 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为2.5%～3.41%;(3)层状非均质结构阻滞了水分的运移(湿润锋通过亚砂土-粉砂界面时,平均运移速度由10.53 cm·d~(-1)下降为0.77 cm·d~(-1);湿润锋通过亚砂土-亚粘土界面时,平均运移速度由12 cm·d~(-1)下降为1.86 cm·d~(-1)),当岩性界面处水分不断蓄积克服阻力后才能向下运移;受上部界面水分蓄积的影响,下部层状非均质结构的阻滞作用将被减弱甚至不明显。     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型，因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中，ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性，21世纪以来不断进化，除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外，还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球，造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程，着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制，以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.