BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与内源激素的关系

【目的】研究BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与小孢子发生过程中内源激素含量变化的关系,为激素调控温光敏雄性不育小麦花粉育性提供理论依据。【方法】选用BNS和BNS366为试验材料,分别以矮抗58和郑麦366（BNS366的近等基因系）为对照,进行正常秋季播种（2018年10月10日）和晚播（2018年12月2日）试验,用I₂-KI法测定花粉育性,用国内法和国际法测定自交结实率,采用间接酶联免疫法测定雌雄蕊原基分化期-三核期叶片、雌雄蕊原基分化期-四分体期幼穗和单核中位期-三核期花药中6种内源激素的含量。【结果】在正常秋季播种条件下,BNS和BNS366花粉可育率、国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率均为零,达到全不育水平,在晚播条件下,BNS的这三个指标分别为34.74%、43.12%和48.48%,达到低不育水平,BNS366则分别为92.63%、55.37%和67.94%,达到正常可育水平,播种期间差异均达到极显著水平;矮抗58和郑麦366在2种播期条件下,则为82.56%—94.00%、73.90%—82.31%和96.54%—139.26%,均为正常可育,播种期间差异不显著;BNS和BNS366花粉可育率-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下花粉可育率提高百分率）均分别极显著低于矮抗58和郑麦366。分别在2个试验组内进行内源激素含量的多重比较,BNS和BNS366与矮抗58和郑麦366内源激素含量-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下激素含量提高百分率）存在差异,对内源激素含量与花粉可育率、内源激素含量-∆与花粉可育率-∆进行了相关性分析,发现BNS和BNS366不育株在小麦幼穗发育过程中激素含量存在特征性变化。生长素（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）含量在四分体期（BNS）和雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS366）叶片中不足,在单核中位期（BNS）和单核靠边期（BNS366）花药中不足,在二核期花药中盈余;赤霉素（gibberellic acid,GA）含量在四分体期幼穗和单核中位期花药中不足;玉米素核苷（zeatin riboside,ZR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）含量分别在四分体期幼穗中存在偏低倾向（BNS）或确定存在不足（BNS366）现象;油菜素内酯（brassinosteroid,BR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）含量在雌雄蕊原基分化期、四分体期、单核靠边期（BNS）或单核中位期（BNS366）和三核期叶片中不足,在雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS）或四分体期幼穗（BNS366）中不足,在单核靠边期花药中不足。【结论】正常秋季播种条件下,单核靠边期之前,BNS和BNS366中IAA、GA和ABA的含量不足,尤其是MeJA的含量不足,可能促进了二者雄性不育的发生。     

高寒牧区黑麦和箭筈豌豆混播对草产量和营养品质的影响研究

为筛选适宜甘肃高寒牧区的箭筈豌豆与黑麦混播组合及比例，采用裂区设计，研究了3个箭筈豌豆品种（绿箭1号、绿箭2号和绿箭431）与黑麦新品系C33在不同混播比例（0∶100、20∶80、30∶70、40∶60、50∶50、60∶40、70∶30、80∶20、100∶0）下的生产性能及营养品质。结果表明，从混播组合看，A?（C33×绿箭1号）的平均干草产量（7.16 t·hm^-2）和综合评价值（0.860）较高；从混播比例看，B?（60∶40）的平均干草产量（8.01 t·hm^-2）和综合评价值（0.691）最高；混播组合和混播比例间的交互作用表明，A?以B?比例混播时干草产量（9.03 t·hm^-2）和综合评价值（0.711）最高。     

箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对间作和施氮水平的响应

研究不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对单作和间作的响应,对于优化栽培措施、提高作物产量具有重要意义。本试验于2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌溉区进行,重点研究是不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米在单作及间作模式中干物质累积、产量构成、产量表现。结果表明,间作箭筈豌豆干物质累积量与单作相比在不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)处理下分别提高44.0%、36.7%和37.2%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.1%和25.5%,单作模式下提高9.4%和32.1%。间作玉米干物质累积量与单作相比在N0、N1和N2处理下分别提高23.3%、22.5%和23.0%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.3%和19.8%,单作模式下提高9.9%和20.7%。间作模式下箭筈豌豆豆荚数和玉米穗数较相应单作分别增加7.6%和14.5%,两者的产量较单作分别提高34.9%和27.0%。由通径分析可知,箭筈豌豆产量决定次序是豆荚数>粒重>单荚粒数,玉米产量决定次序是穗数>粒重>穗粒数。间作结合施氮量240 kg/hm²能获得较高干物质积累量和产量,是河西灌溉区玉米间作箭筈豌豆适宜的施氮水平。     

Fungal colonization patterns in necrotic rootstocks and stem bases of dieback‐affected Fraxinus excelsior L.

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees currently face the major threat of ash dieback caused by an invasive fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Collar rots in F. excelsior have been increasingly associated with infections by this pathogen. However, the aetiology of the collar rots is still unclear and remains heavily debated. In contrast to most studies of this kind, entire rootstocks of four diseased ash trees were dug out to examine necrotic tissues in these rootstocks and stem bases in detail and to sample necrotic wood for fungal isolation. With the aid of morphological and molecular identification techniques, five to twelve fungal taxa were detected per tree. Members of the Nectriaceae family and Botryosphaeria stevensii, the causal agent of stem and branch cankers on many tree species, were frequently isolated from outer xylem. In contrast, H. fraxineus was the dominating species in interior wood layers. Microsatellite genotyping of 77 H. fraxineus isolates helped to identify up to six different genotypes per tree. The role of H. fraxineus and other isolated fungi in the aetiology of ash collar rots are discussed.     

Rapid mapping of candidate genes for cold tolerance in Oryza rufipogon Griff. by QTL-seq of seedlings

Cold stress is a major problem in rice production. To rapidly identify genes for cold tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice(DWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.), sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis of QTL-seq method was used to resequence the extremely resistant(R) and susceptible(S) bulks of a backcross inbred lines(BILs) population(derived from Oryza sativa×O. rufipogon) and their parents. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)-index graphs and corresponding Δ(SNPindex) graphs(at 99 and 95% confidence levels) for R-and S-bulks detected a total of 2 609 candidate SNPs, including 58 candidate cold-tolerance genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that 5 out of the 58 candidate genes had significant differences in expression between O. sativa and O. rufipogon. Structural variation and functional annotations of the 5 candidate genes were also analyzed, and allowed us to identify 2 insertion-deletion(InDel) markers(12-7 and 12-16) that were linked with candidate genes on chromosome 12 in DWR. These results are helpful for cloning and using cold tolerance genes from common wild rice in cultivated rice.     

Dietary available phosphorus requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CASIII)

A 57‐day growth experiment was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (13.48 ± 0.10 g) in a flow‐through system to study the effect of dietary phosphorus on growth performance, body composition, nutrition utilization, phosphorus loading and enzymes activities. Seven semipurifed diets were formulated to contain 0.07 (the basal), 2.27, 5.32, 8.10, 12.06, 15.24 and 19.48 g available phosphorus/kg diet. The results showed that specific growth rate, body length and feed efficiency significantly increased in the fish fed diets containing 0.07 to 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05). Ash and P content increased in fish fed diets containing 0.07–12.06 P g/kg (p < .05) and then levelled off, while moisture, crude protein and lipid had no significant difference (p > .05). The protein retention efficiency increased in the fish fed with diets 0.07–5.32 g/kg P (p < .05) and then reached a plateau. The P content in faeces was higher in fish fed diets containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg. Total P concentration in tank water increased in fish fed 0.07–12.06 g available P per kg diet (p < .05). The plasma P was higher in the fish fed with 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05), triglycerides was lower in the fish fed diet containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg (p < .05), no significant differences were observed in plasma Ca, plasma glucose and calcitonin (p > .05). Based on SGR, whole body P content and FE, dietary available P requirement for juvenile gibel carp were 13.37, 13.97 g/kg and 15.06 respectively.     

Interactive effects of coffee bean supplementation and waterborne zinc toxicity on growth performance,biochemical variables,antioxidant activity and zinc bioaccumulation in whole body of common carp,Cyprinus carpio L.

Roasted coffee powder (RCP; Coffea arabica) is usually used as a beverage for human but there are few attempts to use it as a natural feed supplement in fish diets. In this study, common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., (11.8 ± 0.09 g) were reared in zinc (Zn)‐containing water at concentrations of 0.0 or 5.0 mg/L and cosupplemented with 0.0 or 1.0 g RCP/kg diet for 6 weeks to investigate effects of RCP supplementation, Zn exposure and their interaction on fish performance, biochemical variables, antioxidant activity and Zn bioaccumulation in whole fish body. Fish growth and feed intake were significantly affected by RCP supplementation, Zn toxicity and their interaction. However, fish fed a RCP‐supplemented diet did not exhibit better performance than those fed the RCP‐free diet and both diets produced higher fish performance than the Zn‐toxicated fish. It is noticed that RCP supplementation to Zn‐toxicated fish enhanced their growth, and feed utilization as compared to Zn‐toxicated fish alone. Fish fed control and RCP‐enriched diets showed no significant differences in biochemical variables, which were significantly altered due to waterborne Zn toxicity. Moreover, Zn reduced significantly; meanwhile, RCP supplementation increased significantly superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Notably, Zn exposure could reduce fish growth and antioxidant activity and increase Zn deposition in whole fish body. And RCP intake could enhance the antioxidant activity exerting a protective effect against Zn toxicity, thereby reducing Zn bioaccumulation in whole fish body.     

Genetic structuring and diversity patterns along rivers – local invasion history of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) along the Danube River in Vienna (Austria) shows non‐linear pattern

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an annual weed from North America that nowadays is invasive in many countries worldwide. In Austria, numerous populations of A. artemisiifolia are located along the Danube River, especially along the ‘New Danube’ (Vienna). This area is characterised by ruderal and riparian sites, which are regularly flooded. To better understand the spread of A. artemisiifolia and its colonising behaviour along the Danube River, we analysed genetic structure and diversity based on 23 populations linearly arranged along the Viennese Danube riverbed and upstream, utilising the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint method. We generated 284 polymorphic AFLP markers across 446 A. artemisiifolia plants. The genetic diversity within populations was higher (HW = 0.091) than among populations (HB = 0.007). This result indicates A. artemisiifolia introductions from similar mixtures of sources or spread from a single already mixed introduction. Within our local setting, we were unable to identify neither source or sink populations nor an obvious linear genetic structuring. Genetic among‐population differentiation was low to moderate (amova ‐derived F_ST = 0.124). Lack of geographical structuring is indicative of highly dynamic gene flow, which is further supported by the absence of an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. Multiple introductions and non‐directional gene flow are most likely promoted by anthropogenic disturbance and human‐mediated dispersal. Our results demonstrate the ability and speed of A. artemisiifolia to settle in newly disturbed areas and the difficulties to predict invasion directions, as downstream river dispersal was negligible.     

Determination of Lipid Peroxidation and Fatty Acid Compositions in the Caviars of Rainbow Trout and Carp

In this study, roes obtained from carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) that were caught in Keban Dam Lake (Turkey) and cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were processed as caviar, and the products were stored at + 4 C°. Lipid peroxidation and the compositions of fatty acids of these products were assessed during production and storage period. The result of fatty analyses showed that palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), oleic acid (18:1), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are all essential fatty acids, were determined in the caviars of the roes obtained from rainbow trout and carp. According to results of chemical analyses, there were no significant differences in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) between rainbow trout and carp caviars (p > 0.05), but malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that caviars obtained from both rainbow trout and carp roes are rich in fatty acids and take a part in a balanced and healthy diet.     

草鱼幼鱼肝胰脏抗氧化系统对MC-LR胁迫的响应

为了研究微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)对草鱼(Ctenopharygodon idella)幼鱼肝胰脏抗氧化防御系统的影响,本研究通过腹腔注射的方法(剂量为25、100μg MC-LR·kg-1,分别称为低剂量和高剂量),对草鱼幼鱼进行染毒,于胁迫24、48 h和72 h后分离其肝胰脏,随后采用分光光度法检测了草鱼幼鱼肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性;同时采用荧光定量PCR方法分析了SOD、CAT、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)基因相对表达量的变化。结果显示:高剂量MC-LR诱导24 h和48 h后,草鱼幼鱼肝胰脏SOD活性显著增加(P0.05),而SOD在低剂量组中活性没有显著变化(P0.05);低剂量MC-LR对CAT活性没有显著影响(P0.05),而高剂量MC-LR诱导24 h后可使草鱼幼鱼肝胰脏CAT活性显著增加(P0.05),随后其活性又下降,但差异不显著(P0.05)。在MC-LR胁迫过程中,SOD、CAT、GPx基因表达在两个剂量组中均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而GR基因在低剂量MC-LR胁迫24 h后相对表达量显著上调(P0.05),尽管在72 h相对表达量上调,但差异不显著(P0.05),而高剂量组中GR基因在胁迫24 h和48 h后,其表达量被抑制,但不存在显著差异(P0.05)。进行抗氧化酶活性和基因表达相关性分析发现,SOD和CAT酶活性与SOD和CAT基因表达不相关。上述研究表明MC-LR对草鱼幼鱼肝胰脏抗氧化系统产生了明显的胁迫效应,但MC-LR对机体抗氧化酶活性与基因编码调控之间的相互作用机制还有待更深入的研究。