竹叶抗氧化物浸泡结合乳清分离蛋白涂膜对冷藏富硒虹鳟食用品质的影响

为延长冷藏富硒虹鳟的货架期,实验以3种浓度的竹叶抗氧化物溶液(AOBS,质量浓度分别为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)分别浸泡富硒虹鳟鱼块,再进行乳清分离蛋白溶液(WPIS)涂膜,(25±1)°C下鼓风吹干表面水后置于4°C冰箱贮藏1、4、7、10和13 d,测定鱼块的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数、结合水分含量和水分状态,分析涂膜对冷藏富硒虹鳟鱼块品质的影响。结果显示,随着冷藏时间的延长,鱼块的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数显著增加,水分含量显著降低,结合水和不易流动水向自由水迁移。其中,1.0%AOBS+WPIS组的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数的增加速率和水分含量的减少速率最慢,结合水与不易流动水的比例最高。1.0%竹叶抗氧化物浸泡结合乳清分离蛋白涂膜,提升了乳清分离蛋白涂膜的保鲜效果,可有效抑制富硒虹鳟冷藏过程中品质的劣变,延长货架期。根据TVB-N值、K值和菌落总数,1.0%AOBS+WPIS组可延长富硒虹鳟货架期3 d。本研究可以为富硒虹鳟的低温贮藏技术提供科学指导。     

硫化细菌的分离及对碱土pH的影响

通过对样品的富集，利用选择培养进行化能自养硫化细菌的分离；以大庆本地碱土作为实验材料，通过硫化细菌及辅料的添加，利用pH计测定碱土pH值变化。分离获得了硫化细菌lh-1，利用该菌株改良碱土以添加0.27% 硫粉混合硫化细菌效果最为明显，经过两个半月的改良，pH可从10.53降到8.23。     

Partial replacement of fishmeal with corn gluten meal,pea protein isolate and their mixture in diet of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles: Effects on growth performance,feed utilization and haematological parameters

Corn gluten meal (CGM), pea protein isolate (PPI) and their mixture (CPP, 1:1 ratio) were evaluated as fishmeal (FM) alternatives in black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles (9.02 ± 0.12 g). A FM diet was designed as control, and other six diets had 20% and 40% FM protein replaced by CGM, PPI and CPP, respectively, with the supplementation of crystalline methionine, arginine and lysine. After the 8‐week feeding trial, significantly lower weight gain was found in fish fed the 40% CGM diet (p < .05), whereas other treatments had no statistical difference (p > .05). The values of feed efficiency ratio and feed intake, as well as proximate compositions of muscle and whole body, were not significantly influenced in all treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were significantly influenced by protein source. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly higher content of essential amino acid in muscle than that of the 20% PPI diet. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly lower content of serum cholesterol than other treatments (p < .05). Elevated serum superoxide dismutase activity was found in fish fed the 40% plant protein diets. In conclusion, between 20% and 40% FM protein could be replaced by CGM, while about 40% FM protein derived from PPI and CPP could be applied in black sea bream.     

Karanj protein isolate prepared from karanj seed cake: Effect on growth,body composition and physiometabolic responses in Labeo rohita fingerlings

A protein isolate was prepared from karanj seed (KPI) with 921.2 g protein/kg seed, which contained a negligible amount of anti‐nutritional factors and a balanced amino acid composition, especially rich in methionine. For 60‐day feeding trial, five isonitrogenous (300 g/kg CP) and isocaloric (15 MJ DE/kg) diets were formulated by replacing soybean protein isolate (SPI) on protein equivalent basis, KPI‐0 (control, 0 g/kg KPI); KPI‐25 (replacing 250 g/kg SPI protein with KPI); KPI‐50 (replacing 500 g/kg SPI protein with KPI); KPI‐75 (replacing 750 g/kg SPI protein with KPI) and KPI‐100 (replacing 1,000 g/kg SPI protein with KPI) for the feeding of L. rohita. The weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly (p > .05) varied among the KPI fed and control groups. A significantly higher hepatosomatic index was recorded in the control and KPI‐25 groups compared with other groups. The whole‐body compositions, except ether extract, did not differ significantly (p > .05) among the groups. Digestive (amylase, protease, lipase and alkaline phosphatase) and metabolic enzyme activities (hexokinase, transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase) and glycogen stores were not significantly affected, whereas intestinal alkaline phosphatase differed significantly (p < .05). The RNA–DNA ratio was significantly (p < .05) higher in the KPI‐75 group. Thus, the study revealed that KPI can completely replace SPI protein at 191 g/kg inclusion level in the diets of L. rohita fingerlings.     

Comparison of Conventional Washing Processing and pH Shift Processing on Gelation Characteristics of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Muscle Proteins

In this study, gelation characteristics of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) protein isolates prepared by pH shift processing were investigated as compared with those of surimi prepared by conventional wash processing. Results showed that the gel from alkali-aided protein isolate exhibited a higher breaking force than that from conventional washed surimi (p < 0.05). However, the gel from conventional washed surimi had higher whiteness (p < 0.05) and lower expressible moisture (p < 0.05). The rheological study showed that protein isolates exhibited different storage modulus and loss tangent patterns from conventional washed surimi during heating. Acid-aided processing could lead to higher denaturation and dissociation for fish muscle myosin and a coarser gel network from the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) pattern and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, there is a potential to apply pH shift processing, especially alkali-aided processing, to extract more proteins from bighead carp muscle for the production of surimi-based food.     

SPI凝胶颗粒制备及其Pickering高内相乳液特性研究

制备了大豆分离蛋白（Soy protein isolate，SPI）凝胶颗粒，并使用该颗粒制备了稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过粒径和ζ 电位测定、冷冻扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察以及外观分析，以流变特性为指标，对SPI凝胶颗粒和Pickering高内相乳液特性进行研究。结果表明，SPI凝胶颗粒的粒径和ζ 电位随pH值的变化而变化，当SPI凝胶颗粒pH值为4.0～5.0时，临近SPI等电点，ζ 电位的绝对值最小，此时凝胶颗粒相互聚集，不能成功制备稳定的高内相乳液。在pH值为 9.0时，大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒紧密结合在一起，呈凝胶网络状结构。在碱性条件下，蛋白质质量分数为1.00%、内相体积分数为78%～82%时，可以制备稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过增加内相体积分数，使大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液体系分布更加均匀，不易发生聚集，形成更加致密稳定的多孔结构，且具有更强的弹性凝胶乳液特性。     

新疆石河子地区牛支原体的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

【目的】确定引起新疆石河子地区集约化牛场常发性肺炎的主要病原同时进行病原的体外药物敏感性分析。【方法】采集有典型咳嗽、流涕症状的牛鼻拭子10份和病死牛肺脏组织1份,用牛支原体特异性引物进行PCR检测,将检测为阳性的样本进行病原培养纯化,对纯化后的分离株菌落进行形态学观察、Dienes染色、生化试验及16S rRNA测序和进化分析,通过测定颜色变化单位(CCU)测定分离株生长曲线,并对分离株进行药物敏感性试验。【结果】PCR结果显示,10份鼻拭子中检测出7份牛支原体阳性样本,1份病死牛肺脏组织也检测为阳性;在涂有肺脏组织研磨液培养液的PPLO固体培养基上长出针尖状的菌落,纯化后分离株菌落形态为典型的煎蛋状;Dienes染色可见明显的深蓝色中心脐;生化试验结果显示,分离株不水解明胶、精氨酸、七叶苷,不发酵乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露醇,不分解尿素,可还原氯化三苯基四氮唑;16S rRNA测序结果显示,分离株与牛支原体国际标准株PG45相似性为99.7%,与国内牛支原体地方流行株XBY01、Ningxia-1、NM2012、Tibet-10的相似性最高,均为99.9%;生长曲线测定结果显示,分离株在培养基中生长6 h后进入对数生长期,54 h时达到高峰进入稳定期,72 h后进入衰亡期;药物敏感性试验结果显示,分离株对呋喃妥因、四环素和多西环素、庆大霉素和卡那霉素敏感,对诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星中介,而对环丙沙星、洛美沙星及阿奇霉素和红霉素耐药。【结论】本研究成功从肺脏组织中分离鉴定出1株牛支原体,培养54 h是该分离株的最佳收获时间,与国内大多数牛支原体地方流行株差异较小,整体遗传进化相对稳定,有一定的耐药性,本研究结果可为当地对牛支原体的防控提供参考,也为牛支原体致病机制研究及疫苗研发奠定基础。     

乳清蛋白对以麦芽糊精为助剂桑葚汁喷雾干燥性能影响

桑葚富含多酚类物质,具有一定的营养与保健功能。多酚类物质在加工及贮藏过程中非常不稳定,喷雾干燥法微胶囊包埋是保护生物活性成分常采用的方法。但是,果汁喷雾干燥过程中极易出现黏壁现象,导致粉末回收率较低。基于此,研究不同比例乳清分离蛋白(WPI)与麦芽糊精(MD)对喷雾干燥桑葚粉理化特性的影响。结果表明,进料液中以少量WPI取代MD能显著提高桑葚粉的回收率,WPI较高的表面活性与良好的成膜性是使桑葚粉回收率提高的主要原因。随着进料溶液中WPI质量分数的增加,桑葚粉含水率增加;水分活度、堆积密度、粒径、水溶性指数和玻璃化转变温度呈降低趋势,而吸湿性则无明显变化。随着进料溶液中WPI质量分数的增加,桑葚粉L值、b值增加,a值降低,色差ΔE增加。桑葚粉的总酚含量与清除自由基能力随进料溶液中WPI质量分数的增加呈降低趋势。当进料溶液中桑葚汁/MD/WPI质量比为65∶(34.5~30.0)∶(0.5~5.0)时,既能有效解决黏壁问题,又能较好地抑制桑葚汁中多酚类成分降解,使桑葚粉具有较高的抗氧化能力。     

α和α'亚基缺失对大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的影响

为了探究β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)中α和α′亚基缺失对大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的影响,该文以东农47(对照)和3种不同蛋白亚基缺失型(α缺失、α′缺失以及α、α′缺失)大豆为原料提取大豆分离蛋白(SoyProteinIsolate,SPI),通过十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)技术分析其亚基组成,然后制备乳状液并测定乳化活性指数(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)、ζ-电位、粒径、微观结构、稳定动力学指数(Turbiscan Stability Index,TSI)及界面蛋白吸附量。结果表明:α′亚基缺失型SPI乳状液乳化活性指数最大,为87.59 m2/g;ζ-电位绝对值最大,为47.7 mV;粒径最小,为2.223μm;显微结构显示其分子最小且分布最均匀,稳定动力学指数最小;界面蛋白吸附量最大,为31.40%。4种不同SPI乳状液的稳定性结果由大到小为α′亚基缺失型、东农47、α亚基缺失型、α和α′亚基缺失型。研究结果可为高乳化性大豆蛋白系列产品的开发应用提供理论支撑和技术支持。     

小麦条锈病菌新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14流行趋势预测

为预测小麦条锈病菌新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14的未来流行趋势,科学指导小麦抗病育种及条锈病治理,采用常规鉴定法于2009—2016年对甘肃省2 330份小麦条锈病菌标样进行了生理小种鉴定及消长动态监测,并对G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14的致病性及寄生适合度进行了测定。结果发现:新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14在甘肃省的出现频率加快,已从2009年的0分别上升到2016年的34.85%和6.43%,其中G22-9(CYR34)已发展为甘肃省第1位流行生理小种。与主流生理小种CYR32和CYR33相比较,G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14具有毒性谱宽、致病力强、寄生适合度高、哺育品种多等特点。建议在甘肃省特别是小麦条锈病常发易变区的陇南麦区,针对新菌系的出现,及时调整小麦品种布局及育种目标,以持续控制条锈病的发生流行。