基于水文分析的动物通道选址——以龙栖山自然保护区为例

自然保护区内道路等基础设施的建设不可避免地会对动物生境产生影响，造成动物死亡率提升。动物通道的设置是改善由道路建设引起的生境破碎化的有效途径，而正确选择动物通道的位置才能使其真正发挥作用。以福建省将乐县龙栖山国家级自然保护区为对象，选取对林区生境影响较大的6种环境因子:树种类型、树种平均年龄、胸径、坡度、海拔以及郁闭度，使用层次分析法(AHP)进行权重分析，相对权重依次为0.296、0.235、0.163、0.085、0.076、0.145。将因子进行叠加构建出生境适宜性指数(HSI)评价模型，并对研究区的生境适宜性进行评价。在此基础上采用ArcGIS的水文分析模块模拟动物潜在的活动路径与道路叠加，从而确定合适的动物通道位置。结果表明，HSI较高的区域多集中在自然保护区中部高海拔地区与缓坡地带，植被主要以天然阔叶林为主，树种的平均年龄大，覆盖面积广，郁闭度高，能够为大中型的走兽提供较好的觅食、隐蔽、繁殖场所，结合量化出的动物活动路径，得到2处动物通道的理想位置。此经HSI模型模拟出的路线只能是一种大概率情况，所建议的通道建设完成后，还需进行持续的野生动物利用情况监测，以评估通道的有效性，进而进行有针对性的改造设计，直到野生动物通道的利用效果良好。对于所得到的动物活动路径，不仅可以为动物通道选址提供参考，也可为动物迁移廊道修正、林区择伐等提供科学依据。     

嫩江流域中下游地区植被与水文关系研究

本文通过对嫩江流域中下游地区土地利用现状的调查 ,并通过区域性试验表明 ,合理调整农业、林业、牧业等产业结构 ,是提高嫩江流域中下游地区经济发展水平的有效措施 ;通过测定 ,林木对地表径流、土壤水分、空气湿度有很大影响 ,均比无林地及耕地的影响效果显著。     

人工毛竹林土壤的水文生态效应

本文研究了人工毛竹林土壤的容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、贮水容量等土壤物理性质在小流域内随坡位和土层深度变化的规律及入渗性能随坡位的变化规律。并与同一地点的人工杉木林、阔叶混交林进行了比较。研究表明,当取各点0—60cm均值时和取各土层均值时,土壤物理性质在小流域内的空间分布规律相当明显,但入渗性能随坡位的变化规律则不很明显。人工毛竹林具有优良的森林水文功能。就所研究小流域内各测点的平均值而言,0—60cm土层的贮水容量为430.44mm,最大有效贮水容量为312.73mm,均大于杉木林和阔叶林;干旱条件下用双环法测定的10℃水温时的初渗速度为29.10mm/min,稳渗速度为8.28mm/min,都大于杉木林而小于阔叶混交林;入渗速度衰退参数为0.2391,介于杉木林和阔叶林之间。     

我国与森林植被和水资源有关的环境问题及研究趋势

我国存在水资源数量不足和时空分布不均、水质下降、水环境恶化、旱涝灾害频繁、水土流失严重等生态环境问题;增加森林植被是解决水资源水环境问题的重要途径,我国正在进行空前大规模的林业生态环境建设,非常需要生态水文学的科学理论和技术支持。已有的森林水文学研究结果存在内容完整性和系统性差、尺度偏小、过程单一、缺乏对森林植被的水分稳定性认识、不能预测森林植被的区域水文影响等不足,还没有形成能有效指导调控林水关系和进行流域水资源管理的成熟理论和技术;未来需要加强的研究重点,包括鼓励跨部门和跨学科的交叉、森林植被的耗水特性和水分稳定性、森林水文作用的形成机理及其尺度效应和尺度转换、森林植被对区域水文影响的预测和评价、森林对水质的影响及作为重要水源保护区和流域水资源管理途径的森林植被建设技术等。     

祁连山森林土壤的水文生态效应

祁连山水源涵养林受立地水热条件的影响和自然、历史干扰,多世代演替共存,分布占祁连山3个垂直气候带,主要由湿性灌丛林、青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林4种类型组成,6个林型即湿性灌丛林、藓类青海云杉林、灌木青海云杉林、草类青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林。调查研究表明,各类森林枯落物(层)的现存量,组成成分、持水率、持水量等均不相同。森林土壤矿质层的主要物理性质因森林类型而不同,并均随着土壤的深度呈某种规律性的变异。森林土壤的持水量主要受土壤孔隙度的影响。在祁连山林区,森林土壤的持水量较非林地(牧坡草地)土壤为高,在各森林类型中青海云杉林和灌丛林的持水量,较祁连圆柏林为高。     

Nutrient dynamics in a mangrove creek (North Brazil) during the dry season

During the dry season, dissolved inorganic nutrients and organic carbon (DOC) in a mangrove tidal creek (Bragança, North Brazil) presented a clear tidal signature: silicate, phosphate, ammonium and DOC covaried with salinity, with minima at high tide and maxima at low tide. Hydrodynamical calculations explained most diel variability as dilution of nutrientrich groundwater input by estuarine water. Creek nutrients tended to lower concentrations towards the end of the dry season, probably due to changes in groundwater dynamics. Ammonium was about 44% higher in the night than during the day, while silicate, phosphate nitrate + nitrite showed differences < 5%, indicating preferential autotrophic uptake of ammonium as nitrogen source. Nitrification and/or nitrogen fixation are probably sources of nitrate + nitrite, which contributed only 12% to the dissolved inorganic nitrogen pool. Dissolved oxygen (7%) and DOC (11%) were lower during the night, suggesting the existence of a labile, algalderived DOC pool. There is a loose coupling between aquatic primary production, groundwater dynamics and tidal regime.     

草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响

为研究坡面不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响,在模拟降雨条件下,选取地形收敛指数和地形湿度指数作为结构连通性指标、简化水文曲线和相对地表连接函数作为功能连通性指标分析了不同草带布设位置(坡面中上、中、中下、下部)坡沟系统水文连通性。结果表明:不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统的连通过程影响不同。植被布设越靠近沟坡部分产流时间越长;植被布设在中下坡位、下坡位比中坡位和中上坡位的总径流量小,对径流汇集影响大。中上坡位布置植被比其他位置有较好的结构连通性,其降雨后的地形更利于水系连通。不同格局地形收敛指数分布类似正态分布,地形湿度指数分布符合正偏态分布。中上坡位布置植被降雨后地形比其他格局更利于汇流;中上坡位布置植被降雨后的地形湿度指数均值比降雨前减少10.59%,整体变化最大,也更利于产流。植被布设越靠近坡顶部分其功能连通性越好,但对于降水的储蓄能力较差。中上坡位布置植被相比其他格局需要较少的水量达到产流,功能连通性最好。降雨停止时,中下部和下部坡位布设植被约有70%的总降雨量用于储蓄,而中上部和上部仅为50%。     

Inhibiting soil loss and runoff from small plots induced by an individual freeze-thaw cycle using three rangeland species

This study investigated the role of three rangeland species viz. Agropyron trichophorum, Medicago sativa, and Lolium prenne on mitigating of effects of a freeze-thaw (FT) cycle on runoff generation and soil loss from small experimental plots. Small plots (0.5 × 0.5m) were prepared in three replicates for control (i.e., under a FT cycle only) and treatments (i.e., individually planted with the study species and subject to a FT cycle). The treated plots were then placed at a slope of 20% and subjected to simulated rainfall with intensity of 70 mm h⁻¹ and 30 min duration. The results of the study showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the plants on controlling runoff and soil loss after a FT cycle. Also, the detrimental effects of the FT cycle due to performance of ice lenses and formation of an active melting layer in the soil surface were ameliorated by the presence of litter on the soil and root-binding effect of the plants. Time to runoff increased by 54, 111 and 10%, runoff volume decreased by 27, 68 and 0.4% and soil loss changed by −34, −62, and +6.5% in the plots planted with A. trichophorum, L. prenne and M. sativa, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that L. prenne had the maximum benefit on reducing runoff and soil loss from the plots undergoing a FT cycle.     

Influence of river discharge on recreational harvest of paddlefish

The Neosho River at Chetopa Dam, Kansas, USA, supports a tailwater paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum), snag fishery that is open annually to harvest from 15 March to 15 May and managed to provide anglers with maximum catch. Paddlefish inhabiting this portion of the river are presumed upstream spawning migrants from Grand Lake of the Cherokees, Oklahoma. Angler success in a paddlefish snag fishery is dependent on fish density, a factor that is likely influenced by river hydrology. However, links between river flow regime and angler harvest remain largely unquantified. In this study, hydrological factors that significantly affected paddlefish harvest were identified by regressing paddlefish harvest data from 1992 to 2005 against discharge variables. Two variables describing number of days discharge exceeded a critical threshold that allowed fish to pass a migratory barrier and frequency of discharge increases following decreases combined to explain 53% of variation in harvest. These results can be applied to promote more effective management of this population through increased understanding of relationships between hydrology and harvest. Specifically, anglers can be informed of factors leading to increased harvest in an attempt to increase satisfaction, and cooperating agencies can use these results to develop future water management plans in an effort to increase harvest.     

近53 a黑河流域水文气象要素时空演变特征

基于黑河流域及周边17个气象站点和2个水文站点近50 a的观测资料,采用Pettitt、Mann-Kendall(MK)、Yamamoto和累积距平曲线等多种方法,探讨黑河流域水文气象要素时空演变规律。结果表明:黑河流域各气象要素的空间分布随地势变化明显,平均气温、最低气温、最高气温、日照时数和平均风速由南至北呈逐渐增加趋势,降水和平均相对湿度则呈逐渐减少趋势;黑河流域降水、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和莺落峡径流量呈显著上升趋势,平均风速和日照时数呈显著下降趋势,正义峡径流量下降趋势并不显著,平均相对湿度则没有检测到明显的变化趋势;平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的突变点集中在20世纪90年代,降水和莺落峡径流量交互验证,确定二者的突变点均为2004年。结合多种变点检测方法共同分析,可有效提高结果的可信度和确定性。