Production of a desirable Brassica oleracea CMS line using an alloplasmic B. rapa CMS line carrying Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm as a bridge plant

In Brassica oleracea, production of F₁ hybrid seeds mainly makes use of the improved Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line. However, reliance on one particular line is a risk, and it would be advantageous to develop other CMS lines. In this study, we transferred Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm to B. oleracea cultivars using an alloplasmic B. rapaCMS line as a bridge plant to avoid incompatibility between donor and recipient plants. The new B. oleraceaCMS lines, which were derived by four generations of backcrossing, had small rudimentary anthers with no pollen grain and showed complete male sterility. There was no functional defect in other floral organs, and the ability to receive normal pollen did not appear to be impaired. Moreover, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm had larger leaf areas and a normal plastochron. As a consequence, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm have the potential to be valuable alternatives for use in commercial B. oleracea hybrid seed production.     

基于形态特征和SSR标记的斑茅繁殖策略的研究

本研究以收集自我国7个省的45份野生斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum)为研究对象,在开放授粉条件下,通过测定斑茅的花粉与胚珠比(Pollen-ovule ratio,P/O)、杂交指数(Outcrossing index,OCI)以及基于简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeats,SSR)分子标记估计交配系统参数这3种方法,探究斑茅繁殖特性及其有性繁殖力的情况,为斑茅资源开发利用、杂交育种及繁殖技术提供基础依据。结果表明:斑茅P/O为5 897,杂交指数OCI为2;采用11对SSR引物对随机取样的15个斑茅半同胞家系共计1 158个子代进行交配系统参数估计,结果显示斑茅种群具有较高的异交率水平(t_m=0.864),多位点异交率和单位点异交率的差值不明显(t_m—t_s=0.012),亲本近交系数F大于0(F=0.318),表明斑茅以异交为主,并存在部分近交。综上所述,本研究初步认为斑茅的繁殖特性为异交为主、自交为辅的混合交配系统模式。     

花生栽野种间杂交异源多倍化早期世代基因表达变化分析

为了进一步认识花生种间杂交异源多倍体进化过程中的基因表达变化规律,采用cDNA-HFO-TAG技术,研究花生种间杂交组合(四倍体栽培种‘仲恺花4号’×二倍体野生种Arachis. diogio)杂种F_1和早期多倍体世代S0~S3的基因表达变化情况。14条HFO-TAG引物共扩增出121条cDNA片段,其中差异片段84个,主要包括三种类型:亲本转录物完全沉默(3个),双亲转录物在后代部分材料中沉默(59个)和新转录物激活(22个),上述变化在F1代即开始发生。筛选其中大小为500~2 000 bp的35个TDFs进行克隆测序,有27个和NCBI数据库中已录入的基因具有较高的相似性,包括抗逆相关基因(10条)、未知功能蛋白基因(8条)、能量与代谢相关基因(7条)和转录因子相关的基因(2条)。这些研究结果进一步表明在花生种间杂交异源多倍化早期发生着快速、剧烈的基因表达变化,从中获得的差异基因片段,有助于了解花生属种间杂交异源多倍化早期分子机制变化,这对有效利用野生花生种质优异基因具有重要意义。cDNA-HFO-TAG技术简单、有效且实用,完全适用于花生属基因表达变化研究,可以作为花生属及其它物种基因表达变化分析技术的有效补充。     

采用胚挽救获得Ogura CMS甘蓝与甘蓝型油菜的种间杂种

为将甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系(Ogura CMS)的恢复基因转至甘蓝Ogura CMS材料上,以6份甘蓝Ogura CMS材料为母本,以含恢复基因的甘蓝型油菜为父本,人工杂交结合胚挽救培养,研究取材时期、培养基成分和杂交组合对胚珠成苗的影响,同时对胚挽救培养获得的植株是否为真实F1杂种进行鉴定。结果发现,胚珠培养以剥蕾授粉后16d取材时胚珠成苗数最多,成苗率为4.56%;培养基以MS+GA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+0.5%水解酪蛋白(CH)+0.5%活性炭(AC)成苗效果最好,成苗率高达6.24%;M09CMS×RFO-46组合成苗数最多,成苗率为5.96%。67株胚挽救培养得到的植株经流式细胞仪、SSR分子标记和形态学鉴定,得出65株为真杂种,真杂种率高达97%。     

细粒棘球绦虫锌指蛋白基因的克隆、序列分析及在不同发育阶段的表达分析

旨在分析并预测细粒棘球绦虫锌指蛋白(Echinococcus granulosus zinc finger peotein,Eg-ZFP)结构、功能及其在细粒棘球绦虫发育过程中的表达模式,预测其在细粒棘球绦虫防治中潜在的作用。通过对前期细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴(protoscolex,PSC)转录组高通量测序结果中Unigene进行筛选,克隆Eg-ZFP基因并进行序列分析,实时荧光定量PCR(Realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR)分析Eg-ZFP在原头蚴及成虫中的表达特征,利用全量组织原位杂交(Whole mount in situ hybridization,WISH)检测该蛋白mRNA在原头蚴和成虫组织中的分布情况。结果显示,细粒棘球绦虫Eg-ZFP基因的CDS序列长852bp,具有完整的开放阅读框(852bp),编码283个氨基酸,预测表明Eg-ZFP分子质量大小及等电点为31.6ku和8.89;qPCR检测发现,Eg-ZFP在原头蚴及成虫阶段均有表达,且在成虫阶段表达量高;全量组织原位杂交检测结果表明,Eg-ZFP mRNA在原头蚴及成虫中分布广泛,且在成虫的生殖系统中丰度较高,提示Eg-ZFP与虫体生殖发育有关。结果表明Eg-ZFP在细粒棘球绦虫发育过程中具有重要作用,为进一步研究Eg-ZFP在E.granulosus防治中的作用奠定基础。     

不同化学试剂和处理方式加倍小麦单倍体植株的效果

【目的】长期以来,小麦单倍体植株染色体加倍主要采用移栽前秋水仙素溶液通气浸泡分蘖节方法,该方法存在操作复杂、污染环境等问题,而且秋水仙素毒性较强、用量较大、价格较高。本研究的目的是建立小麦单倍体植株简便、安全、高效的加倍方法,寻找可以替代秋水仙素用于小麦单倍体植株加倍的化学试剂。【方法】通过小麦品系Fielder花药培养,小麦品种科农199、新春9号和小麦品系CB037、中国春(CS)与玉米自交系郑58杂交获得小麦单倍体植株,小麦品系中国春与甘肃黑麦杂交获得小麦-黑麦双单倍体植株,利用0、5、10和20mmol·L~(-1)秋水仙素溶液分别采取分蘖节加注、叶片涂抹和培养基表面添加方式对不同来源小麦单倍体植株进行加倍,并采用培养基表面添加0、30、60和120μmol·L~(-1)甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵溶液对小麦单倍体植株及小麦-黑麦双单倍体植株加倍,比较不同加倍方法和3种除草剂的加倍效果,确定各个加倍试剂的适宜浓度。【结果】不同浓度秋水仙素溶液(0、5、10和20 mmol·L~(-1))加注小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株分蘖节部位对小麦单倍体植株不具有加倍效果,不宜在小麦单倍体植株加倍中采用。10 mmol·L~(-1)秋水仙素溶液涂抹拔节期小麦单倍体植株叶片的加倍率为7.7%,其他3个秋水仙素溶液浓度没有加倍成功,也不适合小麦单倍体植株加倍。培养基表面添加4个浓度秋水仙素溶液处理小麦花药培养单倍体植株的加倍率分别为26.7%、42.9%、73.3%和85.7%。表明培养基表面添加秋水仙素溶液对小麦单倍体植株的加倍效果最好,适宜浓度至少为20 mmol·L~(-1)。培养基表面添加0、30、60和120μmol·L~(-1)炔苯酰草胺溶液处理小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株的加倍率分别为0、0—57.1%、28.6%—75.0%和0—100%,其他2种除草剂处理小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株没有成功;培养基表面添加120μmol·L~(-1)炔苯酰草胺溶液处理小麦与黑麦杂交双单倍体植株的加倍率为9.0%,添加其他3个浓度炔苯酰草胺溶液和其他3种加倍试剂均没有结实。【结论】60—120μmol·L~(-1)浓度炔苯酰草胺溶液对小麦单倍体植株加倍具有较好效果,培养基表面添加适宜浓度秋水仙素和炔苯酰草胺溶液对小麦单倍体植株加倍有效,而且简单易行。     

Enriching novel Glu-Ax alleles and significantly strengthening gluten properties of common wheat through wide hybridization with wild emmer

Two hybrids, BAd7-209 and BAd7-210, were obtained by wide hybridization between wild emmer D97 and weak gluten cultivar CN16. They had a genetic background of common wheat, resulting from continuous selfing over nine times. These hybrids were better than CN16 in dough quality and processing quality tests. BAd7-210 was better than medium gluten wheat cultivar MM37, and BAd7-209 was far better than moderate to strong gluten wheat cultivar SM482. Through chromosome engineering, BAd7-210 possessed the 1Ax2.2 of male D97, and BAd7-209 had the 1Ax1.2 which was caused by complex variation because of cross-parents’ genomic asymmetry. The open reading frames (ORFs) of two novel active Glu-Ax alleles 1Ax2.2 and 1Ax1.2 were 2496 bp and 2514 bp, encoding 830 and 836 amino acid residues, respectively. The 1Ax1.2 was the second longest Glu-Ax gene discovered to date, and it had two deletions and one insertion besides many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared with the 1Ax2.2 and 1Ax1. The longer polypeptide of 1Ax1.2 should explain why BAd7-209 has better processing quality than BAd7-210. Therefore, wild emmer could be effectively utilized to enrich the 1Ax alleles of common wheat through direct cross transferring and generating novel allele variation, which could significantly enhance the gluten strength.     

以柑橘多胚性二倍体母本倍性杂交培育三倍体

2009—2012年,以柑橘8个多胚性二倍体品种为母本与近年始花的5个异源四倍体体细胞杂种和1个同源四倍体分别杂交,培育三倍体新种质。连续4年共配置15个杂交组合,授粉4 442朵花,坐果1 484个,平均坐果率33.4%;用于幼胚挽救的果实1 075个,共培养幼嫩种子12 578颗,经生芽、生根诱导获得再生植株2 832个;以流式细胞仪对所有再生植株倍性检测,15个组合共获得三倍体401个,四倍体121个;移栽成活三倍体349个,四倍体98个。对W.默科特×NH组合89个株系的三倍体的SSR分子鉴定表明,所有三倍体后代均为双亲的有性杂种。     

Review of doubled haploid production in durum and common wheat through wheat × maize hybridization

Production of doubled haploids (DHs) is an important methodology to speed the process of breeding and development of mapping populations in crops. The procedure for DH production includes two major steps: haploid induction and chromosome doubling. In recent years, wide hybridization between wheat and maize has become a main approach for haploid production in wheat. In this method, the maize chromosomes are completely eliminated during the early development of the hybrid seeds after wheat spikes were pollinated with maize pollen. Numerous wheat cultivars and mapping populations have been developed using wheat–maize hybridization. In this study, we review the procedures of DH production of durum and common wheat via wide hybridization with maize, the factors which affect the efficiency of DH production, and the mechanism of selective elimination of the maize genome during the early development of the hybrid embryos. We also report a highly efficient protocol for DH production in durum and common wheat, which was established based on the optimal conditions for each of the factors that affect the efficiency of DH production.     

不同氮添加对入侵植物瘤突苍耳和本地近缘 植物苍耳及两者杂交种的生长影响

土壤养分对外来植物入侵过程的影响是入侵生物学研究的一个热点,但土壤养分对入侵植物和本地植物杂交后代植株特性的影响鲜有报道。本研究采用盆栽实验,通过添加不同浓度的N,改变土壤养分,比较入侵植物瘤突苍耳和本地近缘植物苍耳及两者的杂交种(杂交瘤突苍耳和杂交苍耳)在植物形态、生物量及分配、植株生长和叶片光合特性等方面的差异,探讨这些差异与入侵性的关系。结果表明,氮添加显著提高了瘤突苍耳、苍耳和杂交种的茎粗、总叶面积、总生物量、根生物量、茎生物量、根生物量比和根冠比,显著降低了4种植株的叶根比;瘤突苍耳各指标随氮含量增加而变化明显,苍耳和杂交苍耳的茎生物量比和叶生物量比下降显著;瘤突苍耳的净同化速率在不同氮处理下均显著高于苍耳,但叶面积比均显著低于苍耳;杂交后代植株的相对生长速率、净同化速率和平均叶面积比在各氮处理间均高于各母本的后代植株,同时杂交瘤突苍耳植株的各生物量指标和生长指标均显著高于杂交苍耳植株。由此可见,1)当养分是限制条件时,入侵植物瘤突苍耳相对于本地植物苍耳将较多生物量分配到根系,这种分配策略反映入侵植物对低养分环境有较高的适应性;2)以瘤突苍耳为母本的杂交后代植株较以苍耳为母本的杂交后代植株具有较强生长能力和繁殖能力,可以进一步加强其入侵。