Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency in crayfish: implications for aquaculture

In recent years, crayfish aquaculture industry has been developing rapidly in different regions of the world. Crayfish aquaculture is often carried out in dams, lakes and extensive pond systems. There is an increasing demand for crayfish juvenile in aquaculture sector. Therefore, it is important to know which factors affect reproductive efficiency in crayfish. In the present review, factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of crayfish are divided into two main sections, external and internal factors. Dietary lipids, phospholipids, highly unsaturated fatty acids, protein and amino acids, vitamins and carotenoids are important external factors affecting broodstock crayfish reproduction. In addition, various external (i.e. female size, stocking density, temperature, photoperiod, sex ratio) and internal (i.e. endogenous hormones) factors affect the reproductive efficiency in crayfish. This study reviews the present knowledge with the purpose of realizing the factors that are important to reach optimal crayfish nutrition, maturation and reproduction (i.e. pleopodal egg number and quality). This review will particularly be useful for crayfish farmers and crayfish hatchery units.     

基于扩散理论的华北春玉米生理成熟后籽粒脱水过程分析

玉米机收籽粒可以显著提高玉米的生产效率,是玉米生产的发展方向。生理成熟后的籽粒含水率是决定机收质量的关键,受品种、密度和气候等多种因素影响。准确估算生理成熟后玉米籽粒含水率,进而分析其主要影响因素,最终确定玉米收获时间和筛选适宜机收的品种,对玉米主产区华北的春玉米籽粒机收发展具有重要意义。因此,于2017年和2018年在河北省泊头、南大港、玉田和山西榆次进行了两年田间春玉米试验,每年设置7个共性品种,每个品种3个密度,对生理成熟后籽粒含水率、品种性状、气象和管理要素进行了监测,并利用基于扩散理论考虑空气温湿度的脱水模型对籽粒含水率进行了模拟,进而计算脱水曲线下的面积(AUDDC),用以筛选脱水优异的玉米品种。结果表明,基于扩散理论的籽粒脱水模型对玉米生理成熟后籽粒含水率的模拟效果较好;年份、地点和品种对生理成熟时籽粒含水率(M_0)和水分扩散速率(k)具有显著影响,密度对脱水参数影响不显著。逐步线性回归分析得到灌浆期参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_0)、最高气温和灌水量对M_0具有显著的正效应,生理成熟后30 d内ET0和灌浆中后期降雨对k具有显著的正效应,全生育期降雨对k具有显著的负效应。品种性状中对M_0影响最大的为苞叶层数(正效应),对k影响最大的为叶片数(负效应)。通过模型计算得到,生理成熟后10d华北地区春玉米籽粒含水率可以下降到28%,籽粒含水率下降到25%的概率为50%。由模型计算得到各品种生理成熟后10 d内的AUDDC,与AUDDC平均值比较发现‘京农科728’‘张1453’‘华农887’‘广德5’和‘金科玉3306’为脱水表现优异的品种。     

栉孔扇贝Dmrt1的分子鉴定及表达模式分析

DMRT1是DMRT家族重要成员之一，主要参与动物性别决定和分化调控，但在不同动物中其表达和功能调控作用存在差异。本研究采用生物信息学方法分析了栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）Dmrt1的序列特征，采用半定量RT-PCR技术确定了其mRNA在成体性腺、闭壳肌、外套膜、鳃和肾等组织中的分布，定量RT-PCR和原位杂交技术揭示了Dmrt1 mRNA在性腺中的时空表达特征。结果显示：栉孔扇贝Dmrt1序列中含有DMRT家族保守的DM结构域；其mRNA仅在栉孔扇贝性腺中表达，在精巢中的表达明显高于卵巢，并且以生长期精巢的表达水平最高；原位杂交检测Dmrt1阳性信号主要定位于生殖细胞的细胞质中。研究结果表明，Dmrt1在栉孔扇贝性腺中的表达特征与大部分动物性腺中的表达特征基本一致，推测其可能参与性别分化和精巢发育的功能调节。     

Life history demographic parameter synthesis for exploited Florida and Caribbean coral reef fishes

Age‐ or length‐structured stock assessments require reliable life history demographic parameters (growth, mortality, reproduction) to model population dynamics, potential yields and stock sustainability. This study synthesized life history information for 84 commercially exploited tropical reef fish species from Florida and the U.S. Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). We attempted to identify a useable set of life history parameters for each species that included lifespan, length at age, weight at length and maturity at length. Key aspects of the life history synthesis were development of: (a) a database that characterized study details including sampling region, biological and statistical methods, length range of sampled individuals, sample size, capture gears and sampling time frame; (b) reproducible procedural criteria for parameter identification for a given species; and (c) a reliability metric for each parameter type. Complete life history parameter sets were available for 46 species analysed. Of these, only 16 species had parameter sets meeting the highest standards for reliability, highlighting future research needs.     

灌溉量对玉米生育后期脱水阶段子粒水分的影响

以玉米品种先玉335、九圣禾2468为试验材料,测定不同灌溉量处理的玉米生理成熟至田间收获期间子粒含水率的变化。结果表明,生育期等量灌溉和分配灌溉量试验,在9.0×10~4株/hm^2、12.0×10~4株/hm^2种植密度下,灌溉量增加使子粒含水量呈增加趋势,且脱水速率减慢。灌溉量从3 600 m^3/hm^2增至7 200 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加0.94~2.87个百分点,差异达显著水平。灌溉量与种植密度双因素辅助试验,在种植密度6.0×10~4株/hm^2至13.5×10~4株/hm^2时,灌溉量从3 000 m^3/hm^2增至6 000 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加1.60~5.00个百分点;在灌溉量3 000 m^3/hm^2和6 000 m^3/hm^2条件下,种植密度从6.0×10~4株/hm^2增至13.5×10~4株/hm^2,子粒含水率有差异,无明显增加或降低趋势;4 500 m3/hm^2灌溉量下各种植密度处理间的子粒含水率未表现出显著差异。     

靖州杨梅引种试验与表型聚类分析

以靖州的传统品种木洞光叶和木洞大叶杨梅为对照,比较引进的早佳、早荠蜜梅、晚荠蜜梅、黑晶、荸荠种、东魁6个品种的叶片形态、果实品质、成熟期等主要农艺性状,并对品种叶片和果实表型性状进行聚类分析。结果表明,早佳与木洞光叶杨梅聚为一类,但早佳成熟期提早约7 d,表现出较好的早熟特性,具有极好的推广应用前景;荸荠种具有核小、可食率高等特点,在靖州表现出良好的适应性;东魁果大、商品性佳,其株产和售价是当地传统品种的1.96~1.98倍和2.67~3.48倍,栽培经济效益显著。     

Optimising cutting method and timing for the control of Abutilon theophrasti seed production

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) is a widespread and problematic annual weed. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different cutting methods on the viability of A. theophrasti seeds. Three cutting methods were assessed: (1) Entire plant cut and dried (EPD)—plants were cut at soil level and dried with capsules attached on the greenhouse bench or soil surface for 4 weeks; (2) capsules detached and dried (CD)—capsules were removed from plants and dried for 4 weeks; and (3) capsules detached and tested while fresh (CF)—a control treatment. Before drying, the developmental stage (stage one, dark green; stage two, light green; stage three, yellowish-green; or stage four, black with the slightly open capsule) and age (days after flowering, DAF) of each capsule was recorded. Seed viability was measured immediately in the CF treatment and after the 4-week drying period in the EPD and CD treatments. No seeds in the EPD and CD treatments were viable when harvested at the first developmental stage (1–8 DAF) in either experiment, but 100% of seeds in the CF treatment in the field were viable when harvested at 8 DAF. In both greenhouse and field experiments, seeds attained full viability at earlier harvest ages in CF than in EPD or CD treatments, suggesting that seeds might become viable relatively early in development but lose viability if allowed to dry. These findings could be applied to optimise late-season mechanical control of A. theophrasti.     

不同成熟度沾化冬枣冰点测定及适宜贮藏温度的研究

贮藏温度是影响沾化冬枣贮藏寿命的关键因素,对白熟果、初红果、半红果和全红果4种成熟度冬枣冰点的温度进行了测定,分别为-2．1℃、-3．1℃、-3．9℃和-4．0℃。在此基础上确定了不同成熟度冬枣的适宜贮藏温度,为沾化冬枣贮藏提供了理论和技术依据。     

Ⅰ-72杨人工林的投入产出及经济成熟龄

本文讨论了山东省沂南县沂河林场不同密度Ⅰ-72杨人工林的投入产出及经济成熟龄。投入分为一次性投入和每年投入。一次性的总投入量为2 33 1.00元/ha,其中整地占84％;平均年投入为253.21元/ha·a,其中追肥占74％。文中还计算了长期占用资金的复利。对各密度的年投入量、年生长量、年产值、年均净产值及其年动态进行了研究,同时做了林木的年均生长量和年均净产值数学模拟。杨树人工林在造林后第三年才能获得利润。数量成熟龄为6～10年,年均最高生长量可达25.252 1 m~3/ha·a。经济成熟龄为6～7年,年均最高净产值可达6 110.52元/ha·a。杨树人工林的数量成熟龄与经济成熟龄主要受密度及投入成本的影响。     

优质中熟线椒新品种辣丰三号的选育

辣丰三号是以M203-BY(6203)为母本、以M203-HF(8002)为父本配制而成的线椒新品种。该品种中熟,连续坐果能力强,果实细长、羊角形,果长22 cm、粗1.6 cm左右,单果质量22 g左右,果实光亮、顺直,果形整齐美观,青熟果深绿色、红果颜色鲜亮且不变软,辣味较强、口感佳,耐贮运、适应性广、收获期长,产量高,一般667 m2产量4 000 kg以上。