Fish‐processing wastes as an alternative diet for culturing the minute rotifer Proales similis de Beauchamp

We evaluated the suitability of fish waste diet (FWD) for culturing the minute rotifer Proales similis through the observation of their population growth and particle size selective feeding. A total of five treatments either with Nannochloropsis oculata or FWD (0.75 and 0.50 g/L) or the combination of N. oculata and FWD were set up in triplicates. P. similis were cultured in diluted natural seawater (8 g/L salinity) and 26 ± 1°C with the diet treatments being applied randomly. We daily monitored the rotifer density, the number of bacteria and the water quality in all the cultures. The population density of P. similis increased exponentially in all treatments, while the mean growth in FWD 0.75 g/L was significantly higher (p < .05) than that in the control. Addition of N. oculata to FWD resulted to lowered P. similis population growth. Bacterial colony count was high in FWD and introduction of P. similis to the diet decreased their density. The estimated bacteria ingestion rates were generally in the range of 6.03 × 10²–1.24 × 10⁴ bacteria/rotifer/hr and there was a positive linear relationship between bacterivory and rotifer population growth. We also observed a shift in the particle size distribution with a reduction in the frequency and concentration of small‐sized particles (<2.5 μm) at day 6. These results accentuate the potential of fish‐processing waste as diet for culturing P. similis which feeds on bacteria and small particles (≤2.5 μm) that are by‐products of degradation of this diet.     

食用菌内源脂肪酸的研究

食用菌富含膳食纤维、矿物质、微量元素、维生素和多种氨基酸,是多功能理想食物。尽管食用菌脂类物质含量较低,但包含人类必需的不饱和脂肪酸,如亚油酸、油酸和亚麻酸等。通过对食用菌脂类物质研究成果进行总结,尤其是不饱和脂肪酸种类、含量及其开发利用,以期为食用菌的资源开发提供参考。     

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in all‐plant protein diets on growth,antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of bullfrog Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation in all‐plant protein diets were evaluated on growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana. Six diets were prepared: a basal fish meal diet (FM), an all soybean meal diet (SM) and four GAA‐supplemented diets by adding 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g GAA/kg to the SM diet (GAA2, GAA4, GAA6 and GAA8 diets). Triplicate groups of bullfrog (45 ± 0.2 g) were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Total substitution of FM with SM led to significantly (p < .05) reduced growth and feed utilization. Adding 0.4 g GAA/kg to the SM diet significantly improved growth performance, and the values were comparable to those of FM group. SM and GAA2 groups showed drastically lower serum total antioxidant capacity than FM, GAA4 and GAA6 groups. Also, SM and GAA2 groups showed significantly lower catalase activity than FM and GAA8 groups. A remarkable increase in serum malondialdehyde concentration was detected in SM and GAA2 groups. FM and GAA6 groups exhibited significantly higher serum creatinine concentration than other groups. Muscle creatine kinase activity and glycogen content were significantly decreased in SM group and application of 0.4–0.6 g GAA/kg significantly improved their values. GAA4 group showed significantly lower pyruvate kinase activity than FM and GAA6 groups. Also, GAA2 and GAA4 groups had significantly lower succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity than other treatments. These findings show that supplementing 0.4 g/kg GAA to SM‐based diets improves growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism.     

Effects of Dietary Digestible Protein and Energy Levels on Growth Performance,Feed Utilization,and Body Composition of Juvenile Permit,Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

A 9‐wk study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growth performance of juvenile permit, Trachinotus falcatus, growing from approximately 30 to 150 g. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of crude protein (400, 450, and 500 g/kg dry matter [DM]); and three levels of crude lipid (100, 200, and 300 g/kg DM) in a 3 × 3 factorial design. Growth rate and feed efficiency were significantly improved with increasing dietary protein levels from 400 to 500 g/kg and with dietary lipid levels from 100 to 200 g/kg. Fish body protein content was positively correlated with dietary ratio of digestible protein (DP) to digestible energy (DE) (P < 0.01, R² = 0.83), while body lipid was negatively correlated with dietary DP/DE (R² = 0.55, P < 0.05) but positively correlated with dietary DE levels (R² = 0.66, P < 0.01). Results showed a protein‐sparing effect, as protein retention was significantly increased by increasing dietary lipid level. In conclusion, the diet containing DP of 392.7 g/kg and DE of 18.8 MJ/kg (DM), corresponding to a DP/DE of 20.9 g/MJ, is suggested as an optimal feed for growth and feed efficiency in juvenile permit.     

四唑虫酰胺对棉田斜纹夜蛾的防治效果

【目的】研究双酰胺类杀虫剂四唑虫酰胺对斜纹夜蛾的室内生测和田间药效试验。【方法】采用人工饲料混药法测定四唑虫酰胺对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫毒力,采用机率值分析方法对数据进行处理,用SAS统计分析系统计算毒力回归方程和LD₅₀。用喷洒药剂悬浮液的方法进行田间试验,使用邓肯新复极差法(DMRT)对不同处理防治效果进行统计分析。【结果】四唑虫酰胺对斜纹夜蛾的LD₅₀为0.58 μg/g,氯虫苯甲酰胺对斜纹夜蛾的LD₅₀为1.12 μg/g,四唑虫酰胺的杀虫活性较高,但与氯虫苯甲酰胺的差异不显著。药后3 d,18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂7.5和10 mL/667m²处理对斜纹夜蛾的防效分别为85.00%和87.87%,显著高于5.0 mL/667m² 药剂处理,与5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂 45 mL/667m²处理差异不显著。药后7 d,18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂 3个浓度处理对斜纹夜蛾的防效与5%氯虫苯甲酰胺 45 mL/667m²处理差异不显著。药后 14 d,18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂10 mL/667m²处理的防效显著高于5.0和7.5 mL/667m²药剂处理,但与5%氯虫苯甲酰胺 45 mL/667m²处理差异不显著。【结论】18%四唑虫酰胺悬浮剂对斜纹夜蛾具有良好的的防治效果,且随着浓度增高其防效增大。     

原味型斗烟原料作用分析

【目的】明确原味型斗烟原料烤烟、白肋烟、百里科、东方烟草、拉塔基亚、黑板烟的特性及其在配方中的作用,为原味型斗烟的配方设计提供参考。【方法】对6种斗烟原料常规化学成分、中性致香物质含量进行测定,并对6种斗烟原料及其按1∶1组成的7种配方斗烟(烤烟(对照)、烤烟/白肋烟、烤烟/东方烟草、烤烟/拉塔基亚、烤烟/百里科、烤烟/黑板烟、烤烟/东方烟草/拉塔基亚)进行感官特性分析,研究原料内在化学成分与感官评价之间的相关性。【结果】6种斗烟原料中烤烟的叶绿素降解产物含量高、氮碱比低;白肋烟总糖、还原糖含量低,烟碱含量高;拉塔基亚总氮和类胡萝卜素降解产物含量高;东方烟草(土耳其AG级)总糖、还原糖含量及糖碱比高;黑板烟烟碱含量低、中性致香物质总量低。感官评价结果表明,白肋烟具有坚果香味,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;东方烟草香气芳香,可使配方层次变化得分升高;百里科刺激性稍大,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;黑板烟具有焦糖风味,可使配方层次变化得分升高;拉塔基亚具有焚香风味,可使配方室韵嗅香得分升高,但会降低层次变化得分。相关性分析结果表明,烟碱含量与劲道力量呈极显著正相关,氮碱比与劲道力量呈显著负相关;钾含量与层次变化呈显著正相关,类胡萝卜素降解产物含量与层次变化呈显著负相关;总糖含量、还原糖含量、棕色化反应产物含量与室韵嗅香呈显著负相关。【结论】白肋烟、百里科的烟碱含量高、氮碱比低,可使配方劲道力量变强;黑板烟、白肋烟的加入可丰富配方的层次变化;烤烟、东方烟草的总糖、还原糖、棕色化反应产物含量相对较高,要设计室韵嗅香较浓的配方应减少这2种原料的使用量。     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

Artificial Feeding and Laboratory Rearing of Endangered Saproxylic Beetles as a Tool for Insect Conservation

Conservation of threatened animals is frequently limited by lack of knowledge about their ecological preferences, and often artificial feeding is one of the few chances to save endangered species. We investigated the possibility to artificially feed two endangered flat bark beetles dependent on dead wood for their diet—namely, Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) and Cucujus haematodes Erichson, 1845—by examining their dietary preferences, life cycle duration, and survival in laboratory conditions. Individuals of the two species were caught in the wild and larvae and adults were fed in laboratory conditions by live or dead prey. Three species of saproxylic beetles: two cerambycids (Acanthocinus griseus Fabricius, 1793 and Rhagium inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758), one scolytid (Ips sexdentatus Börner, 1776) one tenebrionid (Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758)) one dipteran (Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)) and one ant (Lasius sp. Fabricius, 1804) were used as prey, with minced meat as a control. Our results indicated high survival and no difference in prey choice between the two flat beetle species. Larvae and adults preferred dead prey, but no significant preference was detected among dead prey taxa, supporting the hypothesis that the two species are opportunistic scavengers. Comparing data with previous results, both species and their developmental stages should be classified as obligate saproxylic organisms with preference to the dead and decaying organic material. Successful artificial feeding and rearing of these endangered species, followed by the release in the wild through rescue or reintroduction programs, therefore appear relevant for their protection and future conservation.     

Essential amino acids supplementation to practical diets affects growth,feed utilization and glucose metabolism‐related signalling molecules of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six diets were formulated to investigate the success of fish meal (FM) replacement by plant proteins; diet 1 reflected a commercial feed (8% FM), diet 3 contained 4% FM, and diet 5 was devoid of FM. Whereas, diet 2, diet 4, and diet 6 reflected diet 1, diet 3, diet 5, respectively, and supplemented with essential amino acid (EAA). At the end of 8‐week trial, there was no significant difference in survival rate. Significantly higher final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were recorded in the group fed diet 2 compared with the other treatments (except diet 4) (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 2 was significantly lower than those fed diets 1, 3, and 5 (p < 0.05). The lowest feed intake and highest protein efficiency rate were found in fish fed diet 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in whole body compositions between treatments. Plasma aspartate transaminases, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were significantly affected by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), while plasma protein and albumin contents were not influenced by the treatments. The relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) (PIK3R1) in fish fed diet 3 (4% FM) were significantly down‐regulated compared with those fed diet 6 for TOR and diets 4 and 6 for PIK3R1 (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) and janus kinase 3 (JAK3) expressions were fluctuated, with the higher levels in fish fed diets 4 and 6. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plant protein mixture supplemented with EAA could be used to substitute FM in practical diet for Megalobrama amblycephala.