磷化铝间歇熏蒸防治鱼粉螨类的研究

本研究介绍了饲料鱼粉螨类的有效防治方法．采用11．5g／m2的磷化铝片剂，分两次间歇熏蒸大量孳生螨类和昆虫的棉纱布袋和编织袋包装的鱼粉，达到了有效杀灭鱼粉中大量孳生的粉尘螨、跗蠊螨、齿蠊螨、河野脂螨、食根嗜木螨、马六甲肉食螨、转开肉食螨、特氏肉食螨等8种螨类和烟草甲、白腹皮蠹、拟白腹皮蠹、赤颈郭公虫、赤足郭公虫、黑菌虫的效果。     

不同声音对草鱼幼鱼负趋音性行为反应影响研究

声驱鱼技术作为辅助过鱼措施之一,承担着保证鱼类洄游顺利通过过鱼设施,继而保护鱼类资源和恢复河流连通性的重要作用。本研究采用交替播音的形式,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼为研究对象进行负趋音性实验,旨在探究草鱼幼鱼面对不同声音的行为反应。实验水槽(3.6 m×1.1 m×1.0 m)布置于下牢溪周围水域,平均水深为0.5 m,平均流速为0.06 m/s。实验使用1种单频音(1 000 Hz)和5种复杂音(鱼游动声、引擎声、短吻鳄叫声、打桩声和游艇声),声压级(sound pressure level)为(117.69±2.77) dB re 1 μPa,对照组为未播放声音时草鱼的行为反应数据。结果显示,播放复杂音时,草鱼的反应次数、趋音速度、运动时间比均显著高于单频音和对照组(P<0.001),草鱼的初次反应时间、平均反应时间均显著低于单频音和对照组(P<0.001);复杂音中,受到游艇声刺激的草鱼反应次数和趋音速度最大,受到鱼游动声刺激的草鱼反应次数、趋音速度最小;复杂音中,受到游艇声刺激的草鱼初次反应时间最短,为(23.40±5.13) s;受到引擎声刺激的草鱼初次反应时间最长,为(146.00±7.82) s,显著低于其他复杂音(P<0.05);受到游艇声和打桩声刺激的草鱼平均反应时间最短,分别为(26.52±3.01) s和(28.76±4.07) s;受到鱼游动声刺激的草鱼平均反应时间最长,为(64.76±17.82) s;复杂音中,受到鱼游动声刺激的草鱼运动时间比最高,为(98.47±0.48)%;受到引擎声刺激的草鱼运动时间比最低,为(94.58±0.54)%;播放单频音时,草鱼的反应次数、初次反应时间、平均反应时间、运动时间比均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究表明,5种复杂音(鱼游动声、引擎声、短吻鳄叫声、打桩声和游艇声)对草鱼幼鱼具有驱赶效果。本研究在丰富鱼类负趋音性研究的同时,为实际工程中声驱鱼辅助过鱼设施的设计和优化提供了科学依据。     

进水流速对圆形循环水养殖池流场特性影响的数值模拟

通过对工厂化循环水养殖进水流速的智能调控,可降低饵料残留,避免水质恶化。为此,本研究采用数值模拟方法探究了进水流速对工厂化循环水养殖池流场特性的影响,并基于该研究设计出一套确定进水流速调控的实验方法。首先,通过对比Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε 3种湍流模型及多种壁面函数的仿真效果,确定RNG k-ε模型和标准壁面函数作为仿真配置。同时,针对多相流模型,对欧拉多相流模型和DPM离散相模型进行对比,为提高计算准确性选用DPM离散相模型,并基于上述模型进行网格无关性验证、制定网格划分方案。其次,以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)养殖为例,模拟不同进水流速下养殖池流场、排污和水温调节的效果。最后,针对仿真结果提出进水流速调控方案。结果显示,日常采用1.0 m/s的进水流速,可有效提高适宜流速区面积并控制水处理成本;投饵前,采用0.2 m/s的进水流速可以解决循环水养殖中存在的饵料浪费问题;进食结束后,采用1.2 m/s的进水流速可快速排出残饵避免水质恶化;水温异常时,采用15 ℃的水、以1.2 m/s的进水流速注水230 s,可使20 ℃的水下降到正常水平,精准化控制水温。采用本研究提出的方法,可针对不同养殖生物和养殖环境设计进水流速智能调控策略,可用于解决循环水养殖过程中饵料浪费、水质变差和水温异常等问题。     

基于水声学方法的嘉陵江中游蓬安段鱼类资源研究

研究嘉陵江中游鱼类资源时空动态特征,了解变化过程及影响因素,提出嘉陵江鱼类资源保护的建议和措施,同时为长江上游及其支流的鱼类资源保护提供基础数据。2018年7月（夏）、10月（秋）以及2019年1月（冬）、4月（春）,运用Biosonics DT-X分裂波束科学回声探测仪对嘉陵江中游蓬安段金溪航电工程干流江段进行了水声学探测,并辅以常规渔获物调查。共采集到鱼类6科38种,其中蛇鮈、鲫、银飘鱼、黄尾鲴等中小型鱼类在数量上占优;鱼类密度分别为春季（0.8296±0.43）、夏季（0.8705±0.38）、秋季（0.5082±0.25）、冬季（0.3939±0.13）尾/m3;鱼体平均目标强度分别为春季（-63.15±5.03）、夏季（-52.85±14.45）、秋季（-46.42±15.85）、冬季（-44.77±15.28）dB;鱼体平均重量分别为春季0.03、夏季1.08、秋季11.19、冬季20.40 g/尾;鱼类资源量分别为春季0.4096、夏季0.2907、秋季0.3919、冬季0.5622 kg/m3;坝下鱼类密度显著高于坝上（F=12.67,P<0.05）;坝上（F=7...     

Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections

Marine bio-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents beneficial for fish medicine. Herein, dietary CSNP was investigated for the amelioration of the systemic inflammatory responses of an induced fish model. One hundred and forty-four rainbow trout were assigned to one pathogen-free and non-supplemented group (negative control), and three challenged groups: non-supplemented (positive control), CSNP-preventive, and CSNP-therapeutic. After a feeding experiment extended for 21 days, the organosomatic indices (OSI) and molecular aspects were assessed. After a challenge experiment extended for further 28 days, CSNP-therapeutic intervention was assessed on fish survival and systemic inflammatory responses on pathology, histo-morphology, and molecular aspects. With CSNP administration, OSI nonsignificantly decreased and the relative expression of targeted inflammatory-mediator genes was significantly increased. The CSNP-therapeutic fish showed an RPS of 80% as compared to the positive control group, and CSNP-therapeutic administration retained the highest gene expression augmentation up to 28 days after the challenge. Notably, the splenic reticulin fibers framework of the CSNP-therapeutic group retained the highest integrity among the groups during the infection. After recovery, reticulin fibers density in the CSNP-therapeutic samples was significantly higher than in the negative control group, which indicates high innate immunity. Thus, CSNP showed promising biotherapeutic features enhancing fish resistance against infections.     

Priority habitats for the conservation of large river fish in the Ganges river basin

• 1. Three classes of habitat used by groups of fish species classified as conservation and management priorities were developed for the Gerua River (also known as the Girwa River, Karnali River) in the Ganges river basin. This river is large (mean annual discharge ca 1500 m³ s^?1, up to 900 m wide), surrounded by protected lands of India and Nepal, and upstream of major diversions and river alterations.
• 2. Fish and habitat sampling was conducted at 45 sites from 2000 to 2003. Data were analysed for 2172 fish of 14 species. Species and life stages found occupying a statistically distinct subset of the river habitats were grouped to identify classes of river habitat for conservation.
• 3. Most species and life‐stage groups specialized on specific habitat conditions revealed by multivariate analyses of variance and a principal component analysis. The most numerous and diverse group (six species, 15 life stages) was associated with deep depositional habitats with sandy substrate. Two species covering three life stages were primarily oriented to erosional habitat marked by fast current velocity with pebble and cobble substrate. A third group of three species of adults and juveniles were intermediate in habitat use.
• 4. River conservation for fish faunas should maintain both erosional and depositional channel habitats with depths, substrates, and current velocity inclusive of the ranges reported. The erosional and depositional nature of the key habitats requires that rivers be maintained with flows capable of channel‐forming functions.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non‐salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage?

Abstract  Salmonid fishways have been used in many countries for non-salmonid fishes, including Australia, but generally with poor results. Trapping the entrance and exit of a 1:9 gradient salmonid fishway on the Murray River confirmed very poor passage of native fish, with <1% of the most abundant species ascending. Fifty years of fish passage monitoring showed the numbers of three native species declining by 95–100% and non-native fish becoming dominant. Fishways are now being designed for native fish and being quantitatively assessed, but daily flow management also needs to be addressed. The ecological model for passage of potamodromous fishes has changed from passing adults of a few species to one that incorporates the whole fish community, specifically: immature fish of large-bodied species that dominate numbers migrating upstream; a diverse range of movement strategies; and small-bodied species, crustaceans and low numbers of less-mobile species.     

Processes of collating a European fisheries database to meet the objectives of the European Union Water Framework Directive

Abstract  FIsh Database of European Streams, a common database for the FAME project, was merged using existing data on electric fishing and environmental data. FIsh Database of European Stream is a relational database with eight tables. Metrics based on classification of fish species into guilds were calculated, and provided in separate tables. FIsh Database of European Stream contained information about 150 freshwater fish species, from 12 countries, 17 ecoregions, 40 main river regions, 2651 rivers and 8228 sites. Examples of data coverage and use are given. Relationships between environmental variables were illustrated using principal component analysis, which resulted in three environmental components – latitude, size and altitude. Environmental component scores were correlated with fish metrics used in the European Fish Index. Results exemplify how fish guilds reflect gradients in environmental variation. Benefits and problems concerning standardisation and data availability at the global level are discussed.     

温室池水环境与罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症爆发的关系

为阐明温室池水环境对罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症发生的影响,对5年监测所得的发病池的95个水样和无病池的78个水样的水环境因子值进行了统计分析。结果表明,虽然发病池和无病池的水温平均值和pH平均值差异均不显著(p＞0.05),但在18～27 ℃范围内,发病池出现的百分率随水温升高而增加;发病池的溶解氧、总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别为2.85±1.45、2.48±0.99、0.067±0.048、0.361±0.233、39.56±20.31 mg/L;无病池的溶解氧、总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别为3.41±1.39、0.94±0.76、0.025±0.025、0.105±0.066、20.62±9.73 mg/L。发病池的溶解氧平均值显著低于无病池(p＜0.05),发病池的总氨氮、分子氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、有机物化学耗氧量的平均值分别极显著高于无病池(p＜0.01)。根据发病池和无病池出现的百分率随各环境因子变化的趋势可以得出结论：高水温、低溶解氧、高氨氮、高分子氨氮、高亚硝酸盐氮和高有机物化学耗氧量的池水更容易诱发凡隆气单胞菌温和生物型引起的罗非鱼运动性气单胞菌败血症。     

鱼用基因工程疫苗的研究概况

鱼病的化学药物防治会导致水质恶化、水产品药物残留超标或病原体耐药性增强等弊端.随着鱼类免疫学研究以及分子生物学技术的发展,鱼用基因工程疫苗的研究受到了广泛关注.系统地解析与梳理了鱼用基因工程疫苗发展的背景、意义及疫苗类型和国内外的研究与应用现状,明确现阶段我国鱼用基因工程疫苗发展面临的挑战并提出相应的发展建议,旨在为未...