长江安庆段一头死亡长江江豚元素含量分析

针对2017年9月12日发现于长江安庆段的1头野外死亡长江江豚样本(AQJT20170912),采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定其脑、心脏、肝脏、肺、肾、胃、肠、睾丸、肌肉、皮肤10种组织器官中钾(K)、钙(Ca)、钠(Na)、镁(Mg)、钴(Co)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)共12种元素的含量,以期探究各元素在其组织器官中的累积特征。结果显示,该样本Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg在不同组织器官中表现出差异性累积特征,这与水生哺乳动物组织器官元素累积特征相似,在一定程度上反映出各元素在不同组织器官中特有的生理功能。对比分析发现,鲸类动物组织器官常量元素与微量元素的累积特征有一定规律,并不因环境条件的改变而呈显著差别,总体表现为NaKCaFeMgZnCuCo。此外,AQJT20170912各个组织器官中毒性元素Pb、As的含量均较高,这应与其栖息环境的元素背景有关,应予以关注。     

Distribution and habitat characteristics of three sympatric cetacean species in the coastal waters of Matang,Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

1. Coastal cetaceans in Southeast Asia are poorly studied and are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic threats, especially in intensive fishing grounds.
2. To investigate the distribution and habitat characteristics of cetaceans in the productive coastal waters of Matang, Perak, Malaysia, boat‐based line transect surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2016.
3. The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) was most frequently encountered at 3.87 sightings per 100 km, followed by the Indo‐Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) at 1.72 sightings per 100 km, and the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) at 0.66 sightings per 100 km.
4. The mean group size was largest for humpback dolphins (8.4 individuals), followed by Irrawaddy dolphins (6.4 individuals), and finless porpoises (2.8 individuals).
5. Humpback dolphins exhibited a clustered distribution concentrated mainly in shallow estuarine waters (<10 m deep and <5 km from river mouths), whereas Irrawaddy dolphins were more widely distributed in farther coastal waters (<15 m deep and <15 km from river mouths), and finless porpoises were mostly found farthest from the shore in coastal waters (10–25 m deep and >15 km from river mouths).
6. The spatial distribution of the three cetaceans overlapped minimally, and this is likely to reflect the distribution of preferred prey resources, species interactions, and their differential responses to anthropogenic activities and species dominance.
7. The results from our study serve as baseline information for future research, conservation, and habitat management of these vulnerable and endangered coastal cetaceans. Conservation actions are recommended for the Matang area.

     

Comparative external morphology of cetacean spermatozoa

SUMMARY: To compare size and morphology of spermatozoa in cetaceans, sperm and epididymis samples were collected from 10 species in four families and spermatozoa were observed with phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopes. According to the average total length of the spermatozoa, the 10 species examined were classified into the following four groups in order of increasing size: (i) Baird's beaked (Ziphiidae) and Bryde's whales (Balaenopteridae); (ii) Dall's and finless porpoises (Phocoenidae); (iii) common, bottlenose, and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Delphinidae); and (iv) killer and short-finned pilot whales, and Risso's dolphin (Delphinidae). Spermatozoa head length of Bryde's whale and the finless porpoise were shorter than those of the other species. Spermatozoa head width was widest in the killer whale and thinnest in the Baird's beaked whale. The lateral aspects of sperm heads from the 10 species were characterized as the 'anterior region of the sperm head is thin and flat while the posterior region is thick.' The dorsal aspects of sperm heads were 'paddle-shaped' in Bryde's whales, 'bowling pin-shaped' in Baird's beaked whales, 'Japanese fan-shaped' in killer whales, an 'elongated ellipsoid shape' in Delphinidae except for killer whales, and 'ellipsoid shaped' in Phocoenidae. Size and morphology of the spermatozoa showed interspecific differences among the 10 species examined, which correspond to cetacean taxonomic classification.     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

南京长江江豚省级自然保护区鱼类重金属含量与风险评价

为评价长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)保护区内鱼体质量金属富集现状及重金属污染对江豚的潜在影响,2018年6月、9月和12月分别在保护区江段采集了鳊、鳜、■、鲢和鲫5种鱼类,测定鱼体肌肉中的Pb、Cd、As、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的含量,评价保护区鱼类受重金属污染的程度。结果显示,鲫肌肉Cd的单项污染指数(Pi)均大于0.5,夏季捕捞的肌肉As的Pi略高于0.5,其余鱼类的Pb、Cd和As的Pi均小于0.5。研究结果表明,保护区鱼类重金属污染总体风险较小,但部分江豚饵料鱼类存在轻度污染,对江豚有潜在影响,需要引起注意。     

黄鳝嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及中药体外抑菌效果研究

黄鳝出血病又叫败血症。该病主要由嗜水气单胞菌感染所致,其发病率与死亡率高,给黄鳝养殖业带来了巨大的损失。本试验在出现黄鳝败血症的养殖场病鳝体中分离到了嗜水气单胞菌,并选取大黄、黄芩、黄柏、黄连、五倍子、穿心莲、虎杖、金银花、杜仲、石榴皮、钩藤、板蓝根12种单味中药,采用纸片法对其做体外抑菌试验,从而评价中草药对该菌的抑菌效果,为以后开发中药制剂和黄鳝出血症的预防奠定理论基础。     

长江江豚健康评价体系研究

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)是目前生活在我国长江流域中仅有的鲸类动物,了解其种群的生理和健康状况对于该物种的保护具有重要指导意义.利用2002-2015年湖北长江天鹅洲白鱀豚国家级自然保护区与鄱阳湖长江江豚省级自然保护区共计136头次长江江豚的体检数据,统计分析了包括血液学和血液生化54个临床指标,结合行为学指标,构建了基于行为与生理健康两个维度的长江江豚健康评价体系,并评估天鹅洲保护区内圈养长江江豚"天天"的健康状况.结果表明,长江江豚的白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)以及谷草转氨酶(AST)等多个临床指标的生理参数区间同陆生哺乳动物及其他近缘种存在较大差别,显示长江江豚物种的特异性."天天"的体检结果显示其肝功能、血脂等指标异常.研究结果为长江江豚的健康状况评估和养护提供了科学依据.     

中国江豚的分类

本文根据中国各海区和长江产江豚的外形性状差异显著,对Pilleri and Gihr将中国沿海和长江的江豚命名为独立种Neophocaena asiaeorientalis以及江豚属包含三个种的论点提出异议,作者认为中国江豚应为三个亚种,即指名亚种Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides主要分布于南海;扬子亚种N.p.asfaeorientalis主要分布于东海和长江,北方亚种N.p.sunameri主要分布于黄海和渤海。     

Toward sustainable management of small cetacean fisheries around Japan

Abstract:   The management of Japanese domestic fisheries for small cetaceans has been based on a traditional approach that involves only the best set of assumptions and data. However, uncertainty, which is pervasive and inevitable for most fisheries resources, often leads the traditional approach to serious failure. Here is presented the basic framework of a simulation-based approach with a simple Bayesian method that is applicable to Japanese fisheries for small cetaceans. For illustration, the simulation model was applied to Dall's porpoise data in order to investigate the robustness of several management procedures against uncertainty. The simulation showed that the current management procedure, based on only the best values, could fail to manage the stocks at a considerably high probability. However, the use of the conservative management procedure, potential biological removal, permits the sustainable harvesting of Dall's porpoise for at least 100 years into the future, even under uncertainty. In conjunction with a firm structure for implementation of management procedures, the spread of simulation-based approaches will quickly enable successful sustainable management of small cetaceans.