稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系的生物和生态学特征

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang是控制稻飞虱种群暴发的主要寄生性天敌之一，高温是制约其种群动态的重要因子。为了解35℃高温驯化获得的稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系（NR品系）的生防潜力，对不同温度下该品系的发育历期、有效积温、寄主卵选择、产卵量以及极端高温胁迫参数进行了测定。结果发现，与未经高温驯化的稻虱缨小蜂品系（HZ品系）相比，20℃时，NR品系雄蜂的发育速率显著高于HZ品系，这一差异主要表现在卵-幼虫中期和蛹期的发育时间明显缩短。NR品系在高温下能维持正常的产卵能力，35℃下NR品系产卵量仍能达到18.80粒/雌。NR品系有更强的耐极端温度的能力，50℃下NR品系雄蜂的热击倒时间为15.19 min，比HZ品系雄蜂长3.03 min。补充不同营养对NR品系的产卵量存在影响，35℃条件下补充10%蔗糖既能延长其寿命，也能提高产卵量。以上研究结果表明高温驯化得到的稻虱缨小蜂品系在35℃高温环境中能维持正常的生长发育和寄生能力，具备适应稻田夏季高温环境的潜力。     

Major ascaroside pheromone component asc-C5 influences reproductive plasticity among isolates of the invasive species pinewood nematode

Pheromones are communication chemicals and regulatory signals used by animals and represent unique tools for organisms to mediate behaviors and make “decisions” to maximize their fitness. Phenotypic plasticity refers to the innate capacity of a species to tolerate a greater breadth of environmental conditions across which it adapts to improve its survival, reproduction, and fitness. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an invasive nematode species, was accidentally introduced from North America into Japan, China, and Europe; however, few studies have investigated its pheromones and phenotypic plasticity as a natural model. Here, we demonstrated a novel phenomenon, in which nematodes under the condition of pheromone presence triggered increased reproduction in invasive strains (JP1, JP2, CN1, CN2, EU1, and EU2), while it simultaneously decreased reproduction in native strains (US1 and US2). The bidirectional effect on fecundity, mediated by presence/absence of pheromones, is henceforth termed pheromone-regulative reproductive plasticity (PRRP). We further found that synthetic ascaroside asc-C5 (ascr#9), the major pheromone component, plays a leading role in PRRP and identified 2 candidate receptor genes, Bxydaf-38 and Bxysrd-10, involved in perceiving asc-C5. These results suggest that plasticity of reproductive responses to pheromones in pinewood nematode may increase its fitness in novel environments following introduction. This opens up a new perspective for invasion biology and presents a novel strategy of invasion, suggesting that pheromones, in addition to their traditional roles in chemical signaling, can influence the reproductive phenotype among native and invasive isolates. In addition, this novel mechanism could broadly explain, through comparative studies of native and invasive populations of animals, a potential underlying factor behind of the success of other biological invasions.     

拥挤度和杀虫剂对蚜虫翅型分化和生长繁殖的影响

[目的]为了全面评价田间杀虫剂对害虫的非致死作用,[方法]我们选择了亚致死剂量吡虫啉和种群拥挤作为处理因子,测度了大豆蚜的产蚜量、成蚜寿命、若蚜历期及有翅蚜数量等指标,评价两个因子对蚜虫的寄主植株上种群的增殖力和转移扩散风险的影响性质及大小。[结果]结果表明：亚致死剂量吡虫啉对大豆蚜植株上种群有明显降低繁殖率的作用,从而有效减轻本地危害；另外,用药导致有翅蚜的数量显著降低,能降低蚜虫转移为害的风险。拥挤降低了第一代蚜虫种群的繁殖力,对第二代种群繁殖力没有显著影响。另一方面,拥挤造成有翅蚜数量增加,会增加蚜虫转移为害的风险。药剂和拥挤存在显著交互作用。[结论]研究表明：亚致死剂量的吡虫啉会降低大豆蚜后代的在原植株上的为害和转移为害,拥挤会消减药剂在植株上的控害作用,也会增加蚜虫转移为害的风险。     

温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是新近入侵我国的重大农业害虫,为了弄清其入侵生物学特性,为草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及综合治理提供理论依据,本研究在光照培养箱内设置6个温度(17、22、27、32、37、42℃)饲养草地贪夜蛾,测定其不同阶段的存活率、发育历期、体重及繁殖力等,探究温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在42℃条件下仅能短暂存活,在17～32℃范围内可正常生长发育,其幼虫期、蛹期及世代历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,17℃条件下世代历期和幼虫期分别为(58.73±1.46)d和(21.79±1.03)d,37℃条件下则分别仅为(22.57±0.84)d和(11.12±0.31)d。成虫寿命在17～27℃范围内差异不大,之后随温度升高而缩短,37℃下成虫寿命仅为27℃下的1/4左右,且在该温度下成虫无法正常羽化,雌成虫不产卵。17～32℃下雌成虫产卵前期随温度的升高而缩短,产卵期则随温度升高而有所延长,平均单雌产卵量在27℃下最高,为(565.50±143.40)粒。说明温度升高会导致草地贪夜蛾发育历期缩短,年发生世代数增加,幼虫取食量增大,对作物的为害加重。     

Fecundity and egg dimension of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium assamense peninsulare (Tiwari, 1958) from Rawasan stream of Garhwal,Central Himalaya,India

The population of the freshwater animal was declined day by day due to the degradation of habitat and use of illegal fishing methods, which cause a great threat to these aquatic animals. The main purpose of this study was to scrutinize the wild population and fecundity of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium assamense peninsulare in Rawasan stream to assess the health status of prawn. Fecundity was estimated by a random sampling of prawn from five selected sites of Rawasan stream. A wild collection of a total of 35 ovigerous females was collected for an interval of 2 years (August 2013–July 2015) from May to September month, that is breeding session. The maximum number of eggs was 102 eggs in an individual having 52 mm total length and 2.66 g body weight. It was concluded that fecundity of Macrobrachium assamense peninsulare was low, and egg dimension was larger than other closely related species of freshwater prawn. Fecundity of Macrobrachium assamense peninsulare showed a positive relationship with a total weight (R² = .71) and moderate with the total length (R² = .38). A strong correlation exists between egg mass and total weight, and between egg mass and total length of female (R² = .849 and R² = .77 at p < .05) respectively. The numbers of eggs, that is fecundity, in a female were increased with the body growth of an individual, which results in a linear graph.     

补充营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响

茶银尺蠖[Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich-Schaeffer)]是危害茶树的常见害虫之一。为了更好地在实验室内饲养此害虫,获得大量供试虫源,研究了补充不同营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响。结果表明,成虫补充10%蜂蜜水和10%糖水时,雌成虫平均单雌产卵量显著提高,分别为(152.5±16.83)粒和(177.5±19.01)粒;产卵期显著延长,分别为(17.8±1.08) d和(21.4±1.27) d。补充不同营养对雌成虫产卵期和产卵后期有显著影响,但对产卵前期影响不显著。补充10%糖水时,雌成虫的寿命最长,为(29.1±1.41) d,显著高于其他处理;而在10%蜂蜜水、水和对照处理下,雌成虫寿命分别为(23.8±1.15)、(14.4±0.48)、(6.3±0.37) d。补充10%糖水和10%蜂蜜水时,雄成虫的寿命分别为(21.3±0.93) d和(19.5±1.20) d,显著高于水和空白对照处理。在每个处理下,雌成虫的寿命均高于雄成虫。综上所述,10%糖水可作为成虫补充营养的最佳选择。     

两种替代猎物对日本刀角瓢虫生长发育及生殖力的影响

为明确替代猎物对日本刀角瓢虫人工饲养的效果，以烟粉虱卵为对照，研究了地中海粉螟卵和米蛾卵对日本刀角瓢虫生长发育及繁殖力的影响。结果表明，饲喂米蛾卵的日本刀角瓢虫存活率为17.16%，发育历期显著延长，雌虫寿命显著缩短；饲喂地中海粉螟卵处理的存活率为77.82%，雌虫寿命显著延长。瓢虫幼虫期和成虫期营养对成虫产卵能力有明显影响：幼虫期饲喂地中海粉螟卵，成虫期分别饲喂米蛾卵和地中海粉螟卵，产卵量极显著降低（分别为64.45粒和53.82粒）；幼虫期饲喂地中海粉螟卵，成虫期饲喂烟粉虱卵，产卵量（539.10粒）与对照组无显著差异；幼虫期饲喂烟粉虱卵，成虫期分别饲喂地中海粉螟卵和米蛾卵，产卵量极显著降低（分别为59.30粒和71.38粒）。因此，米蛾卵不适于日本刀角瓢虫饲养，地中海粉螟卵可作为瓢虫幼虫期饲养的替代猎物。     

寄主植物对舞毒蛾生长发育的影响

该文选择了青杨Populus cathayanaRehd.、华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtiiMayr.和山杏Aarmeniaca sibiricaLinn.,研究植物对舞毒蛾Lymantria disparL.生长发育历期、蛹重、产卵量的影响。结果表明舞毒蛾发育历期、蛹重及产卵量与所取食的寄主植物有明显的相关性,取食华北落叶松的舞毒蛾个体发育历期最短,平均为38.22±0.56 d,蛹最重,平均为1.48±0.09g,产卵量最多,平均每雌560.65±41.67粒;取食青杨的舞毒蛾发育历期最长,平均为46.68±0.65 d,蛹最轻,平均为1.17±0.08 g,产卵量最少,平均每雌315.47±49.07粒;取食山杏的舞毒蛾间于二者之间,平均历期为39.53±0.58 d,平均蛹重为1.24±0.08 g,每雌产卵量394.50±58.65粒。可以认为,在供试范围内华北落叶松最适宜舞毒蛾生长发育,山杏次之,青杨最不适宜。     

温度和烟粉虱寄主植物对海氏桨角蚜小蜂生物学特性的影响

海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati(Zolnerowich and Rose)原产于巴基斯坦,是B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)的一种有效天敌.本文报道了不同温度条件(20、22、26、30、34℃,RH65%±5%,光周期14L:10D)和饲养在不同寄主植物--番茄、黄瓜、甘蓝上(26℃,RH65%±5%,光周期14L:10D)烟粉虱对海氏桨角蚜小蜂生物学特性的影响.结果表明,在20℃和30℃恒温条件下,该蜂寄生在番茄上饲养的烟粉虱的发育历期分别为31.7d和12.4d,完成发育的有效积温为247日·度,发育起点温度为11.9℃.在26℃恒温条件下,该蜂寄生番茄、黄瓜和甘蓝上的烟粉虱若虫时,卵至成蜂羽化的发育历期分别为15.7、16.1和15.2d,相应存活率分别为74.6%、72.1%和78.7%,雌蜂寿命分别为7.4、7.6和8.ld,平均繁殖量分别为67.2、62.3和74.7粒卵.本研究结果对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的大量饲养和田间释放具有指导作用.     

Dietary supplementation of probiotics and influence on feed efficiency,growth parameters and reproductive performance in female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary probiotics on reproductive performance, growth, haematological and biochemical parameters of female rainbow trout broodstock. A total of 60 broodstocks with an average initial weight of 2,267.4 ± 54.9 g were divided into four groups and three replicates in raceway ponds. Fish were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 1 × 10⁹ (P1), 2 × 10⁹ (P2) and 4 × 10⁹ (P3) CFU probiotic per kg diet twice a day for 8 weeks before spawning season. Results revealed that higher levels of dietary probiotics (P3) enhanced protein efficiency ratio and decreased feed conversion ratio (p < .05). There were no significant differences in haematological and other growth parameters among different treatments. According to the results, probiotic‐fed treatments had the lowest levels of cholesterol (237.7 ± 4.3 mg/dl) and the highest levels of total protein (11.3 ± 0.3 g/dl) and albumin (6.9 ± 0.3 g/dl), so that differences were found between P3 and control groups in all cases (p < .05). Based on the observations from reproductive parameters, the highest egg diameter, working and relative fecundities, fertilization and hatching rates, eyed eggs survival and alevins survival rates up to the absorption of the yolk sac were observed in P3 treatment (p < .05). Moreover, eyeing, hatching and yolk sac absorbing stages in P3 treatment were earlier than those in other treatments (p < .05). The results of present study demonstrated that probiotic supplementation improved reproductive performance and some growth and biochemical parameters in female rainbow trout broodstock and the best performance was observed in fish fed 4 × 10⁹ CFU probiotic per kg diet. Due to an increase in egg production and egg size in probiotic‐fed treatments, this feed additive can be used as a suitable ingredient to increase high‐quality egg production in rainbow trout breeders.