基于畜禽粪便的有机肥中雌激素污染特征

为了解基于畜禽粪便的有机肥中残留雌激素的污染特征，防控有机肥生产中的污染风险。采集了市面上基于鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪制备的17种有机肥，测定了其有机质、氮、磷和钾含量；采用SPE-HPLC/FLD法检测了样品中雌三醇（E3）、17β-雌二醇（17β-E2）、双酚A（BPA）、炔雌醇（EE2）四种雌激素的含量，并将结果与新鲜鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪中四种雌激素含量进行对比。结果表明，鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪有机肥中均存在有机质含量偏低的样品；鸡粪有机肥中E3、17β-E2、BPA均值（干质量计）分别为270.22、2.71、87.93 μg·kg^-1；猪粪有机肥中E3、17β-E2、BPA、EE2均值为609.71、41.84、32.69、46.74 μg·kg^-1；牛粪有机肥中E3均值为50.96μg·kg^-1。畜禽粪便有机肥存在雌激素污染风险，且E3风险最大。所检测的三种畜禽粪便制备的有机肥中，牛粪有机肥雌激素含量、检出率均最低。有机肥中E3、17β-E2、BPA、EE2检出率分别为47.06%、11.76%、17.65%、5.88%，四种雌激素在新鲜粪便中检出率则为67.74%、70.97%、70.97%、58.06%，有机肥中雌激素检出率低于新鲜畜禽粪便。综上可见，基于畜禽粪便的有机肥中仍会有雌激素残留，应引起重视。     

Review and analysis of the potential for glyphosate to interact with the estrogen,androgen and thyroid pathways

Glyphosate was recently evaluated for its potential to interact with the estrogen, androgen and thyroid (EAT) hormone pathways, including steroidogenesis, under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), then by Germany, the rapporteur Member State who led the European Annex 1 renewal for glyphosate, and then by the European Food Protection Agency (EFSA) also as part of the Annex 1 renewal for glyphosate. Under the EDSP, 11 Tier 1 assays were run following the USEPA's validated 890‐series test guidelines and included five in vitro and six in vivo assays to evaluate the EAT pathways. Steroidogenesis was evaluated as part of the estrogen and androgen pathways. An up‐to‐date critical review has been conducted that considered results from the EDSP Tier 1 battery, guideline regulatory studies and an in‐depth analysis of the literature studies that informed an endocrine assessment. A strength of this evaluation was that it included data across multiple levels of biological organization, and mammalian and nonmammalian test systems. There was strong agreement across the in vitro and in vivo Tier 1 battery, guideline studies and relevant literature studies, demonstrating that glyphosate does not interact with EAT pathways including steroidogenesis. Based on an analysis of the comprehensive toxicology database for glyphosate and the literature, this review has concluded that glyphosate does not have endocrine‐disrupting properties through estrogen, androgen, thyroid and steroidogenic modes of action. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

尼罗罗非鱼Foxp1a/b的cDNA克隆及表达模式研究

为探讨低等脊椎动物Foxp1与免疫细胞活化及机体雌激素水平的相关性，本研究首次分离克隆了尼罗罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus) Foxp1的开放阅读框序列，并通过real-time PCR对其mRNA表达水平进行检测。结果显示，尼罗罗非鱼具有两种不同基因编码的Foxp1分子，分别命名为OnFoxp1a与OnFoxp1b；OnFoxp1a为1710 bp，由15个外显子编码569个氨基酸，OnFoxp1b为2040 bp，由16个外显子编码679个氨基酸；OnFoxp1a/b均含有Foxp亚家族的特征性结构，即锌指结构、亮氨酸拉链样结构和叉状螺旋结构；与OnFoxp1a相比，OnFoxp1b与高等脊椎动物Foxp1具有更近的亲缘关系。Real-time PCR检测结果显示，OnFoxp1a/b几乎在所有组织中均有表达，OnFoxp1a在精巢中有高水平表达， OnFoxp1b在心脏中有高水平表达，同时OnFoxp1b在免疫相关组织如鳃、脾脏、肾脏、肠等均有中等水平表达；淋巴细胞多克隆刺激剂PHA、PMA、LPS刺激尼罗罗非鱼外周血单个核细胞（PBMC），结果显示，50 μg/mL PHA和50 ng/mL PMA分别刺激6、12、24 h均显著增强OnFoxp1b的表达 (p＜0.05)，20 μg/mL LPS刺激后，OnFoxp1b的表达出现先降低后升高的趋势 (p＜0.05)；而OnFoxp1a的表达除50 μg/mL PHA 刺激24 h后有所升高，其余均无显著变化；雌激素处理6月龄雄性尼罗罗非鱼48 h，OnFoxp1a/b在肠、肾脏中的表达显著上调 (p＜0.05)，而脾脏中无显著变化 (p>0.05)。综上所述，低等脊椎动物硬骨鱼类两种不同基因编码的Foxp1a/b均为哺乳动物Foxp1的同源分子，但其序列、结构特征、表达模式迥异，提示其功能发生歧化；同时两者的表达与淋巴细胞活化及机体雌激素水平密切相关。     

茶叶及其儿茶素类对乳腺癌的抑制作用

茶叶对人体健康有众多益处是因为它富含儿茶素类化合物。茶叶中的儿茶素类化合物有10种以上,其中含量最高的是表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)。许多研究表明,以EGCG为代表的茶叶儿茶素类化合物对乳腺癌具有抑制作用,其作用包括:抑制致癌物诱导的活性氧自由基(ROS)升高及其引起的DNA损伤、降低细胞对肿瘤坏死因子的响应、阻碍雌激素与雌激素受体的结合、抑制DNA甲基化、保护线粒体免受氧化损伤、抑制肿瘤血管生成、减少癌细胞的转移和增殖、改善代谢综合征以减少抗癌药物副作用、与抗癌药物产生协同效应等。本文综述了该研究领域的进展,并讨论导致研究结果不一致的原因和未来的研究方向。     

鸡粪中雌激素的检测及微生物降解

为检测鸡饲料和鸡粪中雌激素，优化其微生物降解条件，应用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法检测蛋鸡饲料和鸡粪中的雌激素，利用11种高效降解雌激素的单一菌株和等体积混合得到的菌群开展雌激素的降解实验。结果表明：只有蛋鸡鸡粪中含有雌二醇（E2），含量为230 ng·g^-1。微生物菌群的降解率高于单一菌株，在27℃下，10 d内能够降解76%的E2。研究表明，蛋鸡鸡粪中有雌激素存在，微生物菌群对雌激素的降解率高于单一菌株。     

甘肃省市售牛羊肉中雌激素残留状况分析

以甘肃省兰州市、靖远县、临夏州、张掖地区牛羊肉为试验材料,分析了甘肃省市售牛羊肉中己烯雌酚、雌二醇、戊酸雌二醇和苯甲酸雌二醇等4种雌激素残留状况。结果表明,80份样品中(4个地方牛羊肉各10份)所测定的4种雌激素均未检出,甘肃省市售牛羊肉中无论是天然的雌二醇还是己烯雌酚、戊酸雌二醇和苯甲酸雌二醇3种人工合成雌激素均没有残留。     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠大脑皮质和海马中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

利用免疫组织化学超敏SP法检测SD大鼠摘除卵巢及外源性17β-雌二醇治疗后大脑皮质和海马中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化.结果显示,摘除双侧卵巢后,大鼠大脑皮质和海马中Bcl-2不同程度降低,而Bax的表达出现不同程度的上升,17β-雌二醇治疗后,2种蛋白的表达基本恢复正常.表明雌激素能够不同程度的上调大脑皮质和海马中Bcl-2蛋白的表达,下调Bax蛋白的表达,从而对大脑皮质及海马神经元具有保护作用.     

The membrane‐type estrogen receptor G‐protein‐coupled estrogen receptor suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced interleukin 6 via inhibition of nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway in murine macrophage cells

The female sex hormone estrogen exerts anti‐inflammatory effects. The G‐protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been recently identified as a novel membrane‐type estrogen receptor that can mediate non‐genomic estrogenic effects on many cell types. We previously demonstrated that GPER inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced expression of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) through repression of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) promoter activity using human breast cancer cells. Although several reports have indicated that GPER suppresses Toll‐like receptor‐induced inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of cytokine production via GPER remain poorly understood. In the present study, we examined GPER‐mediated inhibition of IL‐6 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in a mouse macrophage cell line. We found that the GPER agonist G‐1 inhibited LPS‐induced IL‐6 expression in macrophage cells, and this inhibition was due to the repression of NF‐κB promoter activity by GPER. G‐1 treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB kinases. Among the mitogen‐activated protein kinases, the phosphorylation of c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was increased by G‐1. These findings delineate the novel mechanism of the inhibition of LPS‐induced IL‐6 through GPER‐activated JNK‐mediated negative regulation of the NF‐κB pathway in murine macrophage cells, which links anti‐inflammatory effects to estrogen.     

鸵鸟主要性激素分泌规律的研究

本研究旨在观察鸵鸟一年中激素分泌规律与发情行为的相关性,为采精和输精掌握最准确的时间,采用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定样品中促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、雌激素(E2)和睾酮(T)的浓度水平。结果表明:①雌鸵鸟血浆内FSH水平在一年之中呈现波动式变化,从11月开始上升,12、2、7月中出现3个明显的分泌波峰,峰值分别为114.354、130.168和144.375 mIU/mL,6月中旬达到全年中最低22.312 mIU/mL;②E2水平在1~5月都呈缓慢上升趋势,在7月突然下降到最低(18.874 pg/mL),9月达全年最高峰(367.285 pg/mL);③雄鸵鸟血浆睾酮(T)浓度从1~6月一直呈上升趋势,6月达到较高水平(121.473 ng/dL),8月达到全年中最低(77.166 pg/dL),到10月中旬达到全年最高(138.562 ng/dL);鸵鸟血浆内FSH、E2及T的浓度水平在一年之中呈现波动式变化与发情表现趋于一致。     

人雌激素受体cDNA在酵母细胞中的表达

根据人全长雌激素受体cDNA序列，用RT—PCR方法使乳腺癌细胞MCF-7株扩增人雌激素受体基因(hER cDNA)，通过pGEM—T／hER载体克隆到酵母表达载体中，并转化到酿酒酵母细胞中，用Western blot法和免疫组化法检测hER cDNA的表达。结果表明：hER cDNA在酵母细胞中成功表达，可用于建立环境雌激素的酵母细胞检测体系。