干旱处理对不同玉米品种叶片光合速率和抗氧化特性及产量的影响

玉米是对干旱比较敏感的粮食作物,不同品种应对干旱胁迫的能力存在差异。以6个普通玉米品种为材料,在北京市郊区大田条件下,采用裂区设计,以灌溉处理为对照,分析干旱处理对不同玉米品种叶片光合速率（P_n）和抗氧化特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱处理下不同品种玉米P_n降低幅度为京农科728（15.63%）相似文献   

采前高浓度赤霉素处理对贵妃芒果色泽发育的抑制效应

以10年生贵妃芒果树为实验材料，研究不同浓度（0、0.5g/L、1.0g/L、2.0g/L、3.0g/L）赤霉素（GA3）处理果树对采后芒果果实色泽变化的影响。于果树的盛花期、幼果期和果实膨大期三次进行GA3喷洒处理。结果表明：与对照组相比，不同浓度的赤霉素处理对果皮色度a*值均具有明显影响，浓度越高，抑制a*值增大的效果越显著；赤霉素处理可以显著抑制果皮叶绿素(Chl)的降解，降低类胡萝卜素及花青素的合成；高浓度赤霉素对叶绿素酶（Chlase）、查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性增加、5-氨基乙酰脱氢酶(ALAD)活性的降低具有明显的抑制效果。综上表明：采前GA3处理可以抑制采后贵妃芒果果皮色泽的转变， 浓度越高对果皮转色的抑制效果越显著。     

红树莓果酒的酿造工艺研究

中国盛产小浆果,但小浆果不容易保存且季节性强,因此附加值较低,为了提高小浆果的产品附加值,本试验研究了小浆果酒的发酵工艺,并探讨了解决出汁率低,果酒单宁含量过少所导致的货架期短、挥发酸高、不易澄清等问题。试验以小浆果红树莓为原料,经破碎、酶解、澄清、发酵、过滤等工艺,制得了发酵型红树莓果酒,经过单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺,确定最佳的酿造工艺条件。结果表明,酶解过程采用25 g/kL EMACLAR果胶酶和25 g/kL EVZYM果胶酶低温酶解14 h,与传统方式对比,出汁率提高了10%;发酵过程,红树莓果汁初始糖度19%,利用VP5为酿酒酵母,接种量为10%,发酵温度22℃;发酵结束后使用树脂降酸,澄清过程使用30 g/100 L硅藻土、15 g/100 L明胶复合澄清的方式。在此工艺条件下得到的红树莓果酒酸度爽口,色泽清亮、均匀,有明显的树莓香气和纯正的发酵型香气。     

外源硅调控葡萄生理特性对低温胁迫的响应

本研究以大田葡萄品种‘梅鹿辄’为试材,采用大田喷施硅酸钾与室内低温处理相结合的方法,测定不同温度下葡萄叶片生理指标的变化,研究外源硅酸钾调控葡萄生理特性对低温胁迫的响应,探讨其提高葡萄抗寒性可能的作用机制。结果表明:低温胁迫下葡萄Inv活性被抑制,而其它指标则升高;喷施硅酸钾可显著降低低温胁迫下葡萄叶片的MDA含量,且当硅酸钾浓度为0.75%时对低温的损伤缓解作用最大;而脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、Inv、SPS活性及SS净活性均随硅酸钾浓度的升高而显著提高,但是可溶性蛋白含量在硅酸钾浓度为0.50%时最大,其它指标均在浓度为0.75%时最大;通过葡萄叶片各抗寒指标的隶属度值与综合评价指标看出,始花期0.75%的硅酸钾处理后葡萄抗寒性最强。综合分析,喷施硅酸钾可提高低温胁迫下葡萄叶片渗透调节物质含量,加快蔗糖转运及代谢速率,缓解活性氧累积,增强其耐寒性。     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

甜瓜质地差异及相关细胞壁酶活性变化

对两种不同质地类型甜瓜果实发育过程中果肉质地的变化及相关酶活性进行研究。结果表明,花后35~40 d为软、脆两种甜瓜质地形成的关键时期。在该时期,软肉型甜瓜‘NSL’细胞面积与间隙增大,果肉细胞排列疏松,细胞面积为脆肉型甜瓜的115.35%,软肉型甜瓜‘NSL’与脆肉型甜瓜‘XZM’质构参数差异显著,脆肉型甜瓜果实4种细胞壁酶活性总体低于软肉型甜瓜。花后35 d,软肉型甜瓜‘NSL’细胞壁扩展酶基因(CmEXP3、CmEXP5、CmEXP9)相对表达量为最大值,显著高于脆肉型甜瓜‘XZM’。     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

秸秆复合有机酿热物对大棚土壤环境的影响

为解决黑龙江省早春大棚土壤温度低及设施土壤环境恶化问题,以‘千禧’番茄为材料,研究秸秆+牛粪(NGH)、秸秆+马粪(MGH)、秸秆+羊粪(YGH)、单一秸秆(JG),以未进行反应堆技术为对照(CK),对早春大棚‘千禧’番茄土壤温度、土壤理化性状、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤温度、土壤EC、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。经过秸秆生物反应堆处理的20 cm土层温度有明显的提升,其中秸秆+羊粪处理在反应启动后提升土壤温度效果最好;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理提高了土壤速效磷含量,是对照的2倍;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理土壤中4种酶活性均处于最高水平,分别比对照提高了91.9%、220%、18.5%、7.3%。各处理微生物多样性指数均显著高于对照,变化规律一致为秸秆+羊粪(YGH)>秸秆+牛粪(NGH)>秸秆+马粪(MGH)>秸秆(JG)>对照(CK);秸秆+羊粪(YGH)及秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理对糖类、氨基酸类、酯类、醇类、胺类、酸类6类碳源的利用能力最强,显著高于其他处理和对照。应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法将大棚番茄土壤分为4个等级,秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理为第一级,秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理为第二级,秸秆+马粪(MGH)及单一秸秆(JG)处理为第三级,对照(CK)为第四级。应用秸秆复合有机酿热物生物反应堆促进了土壤环境的改善,以秸秆+羊粪(YGH)作为复合有机酿热物效果最佳。     

黄瓜叶酸合成关键基因克隆与分析

【目的】分析黄瓜基因组中与叶酸合成代谢相关的基因数量、定位以及表达特征,对关键酶基因进行生物信息学分析与克隆,旨在为黄瓜叶酸合成调控研究奠定基础。【方法】根据已报道的拟南芥叶酸合成相关基因,利用黄瓜基因组数据库中9930_V3版本进行BLAST比对。利用MapChart绘制黄瓜染色体物理图谱并对基因定位。利用qRT-PCR分析这些基因在黄瓜果实发育不同时期和不同材料中的表达量。通过MEGA、WebLOGO、ExPASy等工具对关键酶基因进行生物信息学分析。通过PCR扩增对关键酶基因进行克隆,并测序分析基因的序列差异。【结果】同源比对获得19个黄瓜叶酸代谢相关基因,这些基因不均匀分布在黄瓜7条染色体上,且以Chr.4和Chr.5上分布最多。通过对其中11个调控叶酸合成的基因在测序黄瓜9930果实发育不同时期以及果实叶酸含量高低差异显著的2份材料的表达量分析,发现CsFPGS、CsHPPK/CsDHPS和CsDHNA 3个基因与果实叶酸含量变化趋势完全一致;CsADCS、CsADCL、CsDHNA、CsHPPK/CsDHFS、CsFPGS、CsDHFS等基因的表达量在2份材料中具有显著差异。通过对2个调控叶酸合成限速步骤的关键酶基因CsGCHI和CsADCS的蛋白序列及蛋白结构域分析,发现各物种中CsGCHI的同源基因均具有2个GTP_cyclohydroI结构域;CsADCS的同源基因均具有2个GATase结构域、1个Anth_synt_I_N结构域和1个Chorismate_bind结构域。它们在不同物种中高度保守,进化树分析亲缘关系近的物种聚类到一起。分别扩增黄瓜果实低叶酸含量自交系65G和高叶酸含量自交系02245中CsGCHI和CsADCS的同源基因,序列分析表明CsaV3_1G041250全长为3 012 bp,CDS序列长度为1 413 bp,3个SNP位点的突变导致了氨基酸序列的变异;CsaV3_7G026240全长为3 047 bp,CDS长度1 407 bp,序列无变异;CsaV3_5G036360全长7 941 bp,CDS序列长度为2 706 bp,序列无变异。【结论】鉴定出19个不均匀分布在7条染色体上的黄瓜叶酸代谢相关基因,基因CsFPGS、CsHPPK/CsDHPS 、CsDHNA和CsADCS是影响黄瓜果实叶酸含量变化、导致叶酸含量高低显著差异的关键基因,调控叶酸合成限速步骤的关键酶基因GCHI及ADCS功能相对保守,CsGCHI在65G、02245中有3个SNP位点的突变导致了氨基酸序列的差异。     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.