科尔沁沙地差巴嘎蒿——杂类草群落结构、功能的沙漠化演变特征

研究结果表明：在沙漠化发展过程中，差巴嘎蒿－－杂类草群落（1）首先是植物种组成数量和密度大幅度减少，继而植被盖度和地上生物量急剧下降，四项指标受沙漠化影响的强弱顺序是密度＞植物种数量＞工＞地上生物量；（2）结构趋于简单，功能逐渐消退，优势种或亚优势种发生更替，群落最终变性；（3）沙漠化演变既有连续性又有间断性，随着沙漠化的加剧，其连续性变弱，间断性增强，变幅增大；（4）轻度沙漠化时群落稳定性最高，严重沙漠化可导致其稳定性迅速破坏；（5）对沙漠化的危害，表现出一定的时滞效应和自我适应调节能力，这两个问题有等于进一步研究。     

超级居群：连接生境多样性和生物多样性之桥

在达尔文（1859）看来,新物种只有通过竞争或者自然选择的方式淘汰原有物种才能进入由其他物种占据的生境并成功定居下来。然而,新物种进入生境并成功定居还有另外一个途径,那就是由于超级居群能在全球尺度上改变整个地球环境,从而能在原有环境中创造出一些全新的微环境来,正是这些全新的微环境使新物种避开了和原有定居者的剧烈竞争,很容易地进入了一直由其他物种占据的生境中并成功地定居下来。换句话说,超级居群导致了全球环境的分化,导致了全球尺度上的生境多样性。同时,超级居群通过环境的异质化为新物种准备好了很多全新的微环境,新物种在全新的微环境中的成功定居实现了新物种和原有定居者的长期共存。而这种长期共存导致了整个生物圈的生物多样性的增加。超级居群是地球上很多新环境的创造者,是生境多样性和生物多样性之间的桥梁,据此就能很容易地解释新物种为什么不时能和原有定居者共存甚至依赖于原有定居者,从而导致二者间剧烈竞争缺失的现象。     

中国山羊品种资源及其遗传多样性研究

本文论述了中国山羊的起源、品种遗传资源及其遗传多样性的研究进展。最新调查 显示中国的山羊品种达50个,其中43个为地方品种,4个培育品种,3个引入品种,许多品种 具有独特的生产性能或适应能力。大量研究表明,我国山羊遗传多样性较为丰富。     

The effects of agricultural fields and human settlements on the use of rivers by wildlife in the mid-Zambezi valley,Zimbabwe

After the eradication of the Tse-Tse fly in the Mid-Zambezi valley, human settlements and fields extended mainly along the main rivers. In order to investigate the consequences of this human development on wildlife diversity we monitored three rivers of the Mid-Zambezi valley in Zimbabwe: Angwa, Manyame and Kadzi. The rivers were divided in segments of 200 m which were checked for spoors in order to assess the number of species and the number of individuals that used the segments. Human settlements were also recorded. We used a GIS to define the spatial characteristics of the fields present along the rivers, and related them to the distribution and abundance of wild species spoors in the river beds and banks. Our results show that the number of species in one segment of the river decreased with the increasing size of the field area bordering the segment. For all the major ungulate species, the numbers of individuals recorded per segment decreased with increasing field area. A similar trend was observed for small and medium-sized carnivores, though they were in lower numbers when present. Our analyses thus confirm that the extension of human agriculture in wildlife areas has an impact on most wild species, but we also define some threshold value of field size above which there seem to be an acceleration of the decrease in wildlife density and diversity: 3.2 ha for medium and small herbivores and carnivores; only the elephant seem to tolerate larger field area with a threshold value of 32 ha.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variability within Phaeoisariopsis griseola from Central America and its implications for resistance breeding of common bean

The genetic and virulence variability of 112 isolates of Phaeoisariopsis griseola , collected from various locations in Central America, were studied using seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Broad molecular diversity ( H  = 0·92) among isolates was found using RAPD markers. Fifty pathotypes were identified on 12 differential bean genotypes, 29 of which were represented by only one isolate. Only 18 pathotypes were found in two or more countries. Pathotype 63-63 was the most virulent and caused leaf spots on all 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Comparison of virulence phenotypes and RAPD profiles to known Andean P. griseola isolates confirmed that all isolates belonged to the Mesoamerican group. Pairwise comparison between individual RAPD loci showed that the majority were in gametic phase linkage disequilibrium, revealing that P. griseola maintains a genetic structure that is consistent with asexual reproduction. The molecular and virulence diversities of P. griseola isolates from Central America imply that using single resistance genes to manage angular leaf spot is inadequate and stacking resistance genes may be necessary to manage the disease effectively.     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州5个地方鸡品种遗传多样性

通过选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了贵州省5个地方鸡品种:竹乡鸡、威宁鸡、黔东南小香鸡、高脚鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡的遗传多样性。计算了各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的DA遗传距离。结果表明:在5个品种中,杂合度最低的是高脚鸡,为0.501,杂合度最高的是竹乡鸡,为0.673,因此贵州各地方鸡品种的杂合度相差较大,据分析可能是由于交通闭塞,形成了家禽品种的多种多型,而且杂合度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性;用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果6个鸡品种被聚为3类:竹乡鸡、黔东南小香鸡和威宁鸡聚为一类,乌蒙乌骨鸡自聚为一类;高脚鸡独自聚为一类。这与几个鸡品种的来源、分化、选育历史及地理分布是一致的。     

羊草叶绿体非编码区多态性标记筛选及群体遗传多样性

为筛选多态性丰富的羊草叶绿体非编码区片段,本研究以9个不同地理位置的羊草居群为材料,通过对12个叶绿体非编码区DNA片段测序及其序列间变异分析试图从中找出有遗传差异的叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)片段,并利用有多态性的cpDNA片段进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,序列ndhF-rpl32、trnL-trnF、trnC-ycf6、aptI-aptH具有比较丰富的变异,可作为下一步研究野生羊草群体遗传学和谱系地理学较为理想的分子标记。在37个羊草个体4条非编码区片段的合并序列中,共检测到15种单倍型,单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.928,核苷酸多态性(Pi)为0.00101;遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.58884,基因流(Nm)为0.17,基因流较小;中性检验Tajima’s D(-1.08542)和Fu’s Fs(-5.301)均为负值,且差异不显著(P>0.10),推测羊草遵循中性进化理论,可能经历过种群扩张;AMOVA结果显示,65%的分子变异出现在居群间,35%出现在居群内;Mantel检验得到,遗传距离与地理距离具有显著相关性(r=0.449,P<0.05);居群分化值Nst 0.386(0.1865)大于Gst 0.234(0.1506),差异显著(P<0.05),表明羊草居群存在分子谱系地理结构。通过系统发育树分析得到,羊草15个单倍型分为两大分支,H2和H10聚为一支,它们与别的居群个体亲缘关系较远,其余单倍型聚为另一支;单倍型网络图显示,H2和H12、H10和H12亲缘关系较远,与系统发育树分析结果基本一致。本研究为羊草的种质资源保护、谱系地理学研究等工作奠定了基础。     

凤头白鸭与连城白鸭的群体遗传多样性分析

为系统地评价、保护凤头白鸭资源的遗传多样性,进一步对其开发利用,本研究利用12个微卫星位点(STR分型技术)对凤头白鸭与连城白鸭(各60只)2个群体的遗传多样性参数进行检测和计算。结果表明:除位点AJ272578以外,凤头白鸭群体在APL2、AJ272577、AJ272579、AJ515884、APH01、AY493256、AY4932898、CMO11等8个STR位点上的等位基因多于连城白鸭,在AJ515887、AJ515893、AY493313等3个位点上与连城白鸭相等;凤头白鸭群体的有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)、观察杂合度(Ho)、多态信息含量(PIC)均大于连城白鸭;2个群体的群体内近交系数(Fis)分别为-0.02、0.09,凤头白鸭群体表现为杂合子过剩。综上,凤头白鸭群体的遗传多样性较连城白鸭更为丰富。     

狼山鸡保种群不同世代MHC BF基因遗传多样性研究

通过Illumina平台Miseq重测序方法分析不同世代(G0、G5、G10、G12、G14、G15、G17)的MHC BF1和BF2基因座位多态性,揭示狼山鸡不同世代间MHC BF基因遗传多样性,为更好地监测保种效果提供科学的决策依据。在狼山鸡7个世代中分别鉴定出MHC BF1、BF2基因59和34个SNPs。狼山鸡MHC BF1基因观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)和多态信息含量(PIC)在G10、G12、G14保持稳定,Ho在不同世代变化情况为G17G15G14、G12、G10G5G0,He和PIC在不同世代变化情况为G17、G15G14、G12、G10G5G0,MHC BF2基因的Ho在G10、G14、G15保持稳定,其他世代变化情况为G17、G12G15、G14、G10G0、G5;He和PIC在G12、G14、G15和G17保持稳定,在其他世代变化情况为G17、G15、G14、G12G10G5、G0。从本研究结果看,狼山鸡不同世代MHC BF1和BF2遗传多样性变化规律不太一致,但总体规律符合波动选择(时空变换的选择)假说,随着时间的推移MHC BF基因遗传多样性变得更为丰富,在某些连续几个世代群体遗传多样性基本保持稳定,这可能与MHC BF基因功能有关。