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1.
LANG Man 《干旱区科学》2021,13(5):487-499
The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.  相似文献   
2.
不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响,设置3个灌水水平:高水、中水和低水(W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm,冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm),4个施氮水平:高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮(N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2),4个施磷水平:高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷(P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2)进行了田间试验。结果表明:不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇,夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量(CNEP)为6805~7233kg/hm2,冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2,夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下,增加灌水量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量(CNPP)提高2.48%~5.96%,土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量(CRm)增加2.15%~15.20%,净生态系统生产力固碳量(CNEP)增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下,增加施肥量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%,土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%,CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%,CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下,氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%,且氮磷肥交互作用显著(P<0.05),水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入,在节水节肥原则下,夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。  相似文献   
3.
地膜覆盖与施肥对秸秆碳氮在土壤中固存的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】作物秸秆不仅含有较高的有机碳,而且含有丰富的矿质营养元素。秸秆还田是东北黑土地区培肥土壤和农业可持续发展的重要技术措施。然而不同地膜覆盖(简称“覆膜”)及施肥方式下秸秆碳(C)和氮(N)在土壤中的固持特征还不是很明确。本研究通过定量分析秸秆碳对土壤有机碳(SOC)和秸秆氮对土壤全氮(TN)的贡献,探讨不同覆膜和施肥条件下秸秆碳和氮在土壤中固定的差异,以期为土壤肥力提升和东北黑土地保护提供依据。【方法】基于覆膜与施肥的长期定位试验,选择覆膜和不覆膜(裸地)栽培条件下不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N4)和有机肥配施氮肥(M2N2)处理,在表层(0—20 cm)土壤添加13C15N双标记秸秆后在田间原位培养150 d,测定SOC含量及其δ13C值、TN含量及其δ15N值,分析SOC中秸秆来源C(13C-SOC)、TN中秸秆来源N(15N-TN)和土壤碳氮比随时间的动态变化特征。【结果】施肥、覆膜及其它们的交互作用显著影响(P<0.05)13C-SOC和15N-TN含量。整个培养期间,M2N2处理秸秆碳对SOC的贡献率(13C-SOC/SOC)和秸秆氮对TN贡献率(15N-TN/TN)平均分别为10.48%和3.18%;施肥(N4和M2N2)处理13C-SOC/SOC和秸秆碳残留率在覆膜方式下平均分别为12.65%和37.14%,不覆膜方式下分别为12.08%和34.50%。同一栽培方式培养第150天,N4处理13C-SOC/SOC和秸秆碳残留率平均分别为14.33%和39.40%,其他施肥处理平均分别为11.77%和33.21%;CK处理15N-TN/TN平均为4.56%,分别比N4和M2N2处理高26.00%和44.53%。培养第150天,秸秆氮残留率在覆膜和不覆膜条件下CK处理最高,平均为10.03%;不覆膜N4处理最低,为7.87%。无论覆膜与否,N4处理13C-SOC与15N-TN比值为32—39,其他施肥处理均<30。【结论】秸秆碳氮在土壤中的固存对覆膜与施肥的响应敏感。单施氮肥有利于秸秆碳在土壤中的积累和有机碳的更新,不施肥处理秸秆氮对土壤氮库的固定起正反馈效应,而有机肥配施氮肥土壤碳氮的更新相对滞后。  相似文献   
4.
Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.  相似文献   
5.
6.
There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOCadj R2 = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOCunadj R2 = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.  相似文献   
7.
8.
  【目的】  探究长期不同施肥对土壤有机硫矿化量、动力学特征和酶活性的影响,揭示玉米–大豆轮作体系中棕壤有机硫矿化特征及其主要驱动因子。  【方法】  沈阳农业大学长期定位试验于1979年建立,为玉米–玉米–大豆 (一年一熟) 轮作模式。试验设置15个处理,本研究选取了其中7个处理,分别为:CK (不施肥)、N1 (低量化学氮肥)、N2 (高量化学氮肥)、N1P (低量化学氮肥+磷肥)、N1PK (低量化学氮肥+磷钾肥)、M1 (低量有机肥) 和M1N1PK (低量有机肥配施化学氮磷钾肥)。不同作物有机肥投入量相同,氮磷钾化肥投入量不同。选取2014和2015年的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,测定土壤基本理化指标 (pH、有机碳和全氮含量)、有机硫矿化量、土壤中性蛋白酶及土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性。同时,进行矿化培养试验,分析不同温度下有机硫矿化特征。于玉米、大豆收获后测定产量。  【结果】  长期施肥处理均提高了土壤有机硫的矿化量,7个处理总体表现为M1N1PK > M1 > N1PK、N1、N2 > N1P > CK。单施化肥条件下,增加氮肥用量对有机硫矿化作用无显著影响;单施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施均可明显促进土壤有机硫矿化。与CK相比,M1N1PK处理有机硫矿化量提升幅度最大,提高了57.30%。利用一级动力学方程进行拟合,长期施肥均提高了有机硫矿化势,无机肥处理 (N1、N2、N1P和N1PK) 的提升幅度均较低,提升效果最优的是M1处理,比CK提高了45.27%。环境温度和作物种类均显著影响有机硫矿化量和矿化势,随着环境温度的升高,有机硫的矿化量和矿化势均明显增加;玉米种植季有机硫矿化量和矿化势均高于大豆种植季。土壤中性蛋白酶活性和芳基硫酸酯酶活性均以M1N1PK处理最高,与单施化肥相比分别提高了96%~220%、264%~986%。有机硫累积总矿化量在种植玉米的年份与土壤有机碳 (r = 0.7693) 含量和全氮 (r = 0.7554) 含量呈显著正相关 (P < 0.05)。  【结论】  土壤的有机碳和全氮含量是棕壤有机硫矿化的主要驱动力。只施用无机肥对土壤有机硫的矿化没有显著影响,而有机无机肥配合施用可显著提高土壤芳基硫酸酯酶、中性蛋白酶活性,进而提高有机硫矿化势和矿化量。玉米因其较高的生物量也成为有机硫矿化的主要驱动力。  相似文献   
9.
A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted using five groups of hybrid grouper (61.15 ± 0.15 g) to explore the potential effects of three methionine (Met) sources. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated that included a fishmeal (FM) diet; nonsupplemented (NS) diet; or NS diets with the addition of the L‐methionine (L‐Met), DL‐methionine (DL‐Met), or coated Met (Co‐Met) to obtain the same Met level as the FM diet. Fish were randomly distributed into sea cages (30 fish per cage). Weight gain and specific growth rate in the DL‐Met group and FM group were significantly higher than those in all other groups (p < .05). In the proximal and distal intestines, of the 20 gene and time combinations (10 per gene), there were 14 combinations (70%) in which there were no significant differences in gene expression levels between the FM and DL‐Met groups (p > .05). The main reason for the same growth effect between the DL‐Met and FM groups may be attributed to the synchronized absorption at most time points after feeding, which had similar expression patterns of B0AT1 and ASCT2 of the proximal and distal intestines between two groups.  相似文献   
10.
土壤团聚体有机碳研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
土壤有机碳是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,对于促进土壤养分循环、增加养分有效性有重要作用。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,是组成土壤结构的最小单元,受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,其形成转化过程与土壤固碳过程息息相关,因而研究团聚体和有机碳的关系及团聚体有机碳影响因素对于土壤结构的改善和土壤质量的提升具有重要意义。本文通过对文献的总结,明晰了土壤团聚体和有机碳的关系,阐述了土壤类型、施肥方式、土地利用和矿区复垦对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,并从生物质炭的长期定位研究和复垦矿区的土壤修复两方面对土壤团聚体有机碳的研究进行展望,研究结果可为合理的农业生产提供科学依据。  相似文献   
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