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1.
为建立中华鳖背甲中胶原蛋白酶解物(CH)的制备条件,并明确其体外抗氧化活性,本研究采用单因素试验探讨鳖甲胶原蛋白酶解物的分离条件。结果表明,其最佳提取工艺参数:胃蛋白酶添加量 4 000 U·g-1、pH值2.5、酶解温度35℃。通过透析纯化后获得体外抗氧化活性最好的组分为分子量<50 kDa的样品。该样品经Sephadex G-75凝胶色谱分离纯化得到2个组分,其中GP-2组分对O2-·、OH·和DPPH·3种自由基清除能力最强;之后对GP-2组分进行离子交换层析分离同样获得2个组分,其中P1组分体外抗氧化活性高于GP-2,其对DPPH·、OH·、O2-·清除率分别为81.67%、65.45%和6.78%。经SDS-PAGE电泳确定P1组分的分子量约40 kDa。本研究结果为鳖甲的开发利用及鳖源新型抗氧化物质的研发提供了一定的理论基础。  相似文献   
2.
ABSTRACT

Crayfish carapace powder is a low cost natural absorbent effective for the removal of heavy metals. Its adsorption capacity was far superior to its extracts—namely, chitin and chitosan. To understand the mechanism of heavy metals removed by this material, various techniques were implemented to characterize the samples. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed there was metal carbonate crystal formed on the surface of carapace granules after adsorbing heavy metal ions. The ion exchange between Ca2+ and M2+, chelation between M2+ and chitin, protein, chemical precipitation, and physical adsorption may be the external mechanism of adsorption.  相似文献   
3.
The effects of varying dietary lecithin and cholesterol levels on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa were evaluated using six semi‐purified, microbound diets formulated to be iso‐energetic and containing three levels of supplemental lecithin (0, 20 and 40 g kg−1 diet dry weight) and two levels of supplemental cholesterol (0 and 7 g kg−1 diet dry weight). Fifteen megalopa were reared individually in each treatment and the nutritional value of diets was assessed on basis of mean dry weight and mean carapace width of newly settled first crab stage, as well as development time to the first crab stage and overall survival. A significant interaction between supplemental dietary lecithin and supplemental dietary cholesterol was found for final mean dry weight of newly settled crabs, and highest survival (60%) was recorded for megalopa fed diets containing the highest levels of dietary lecithin (39.7–44.1 g kg−1) (diet 5 and 6) regardless of whether diets were supplemented with cholesterol; this rate of survival was identical to that of megalopa fed live Artemia nauplii. The results indicate that supplemental dietary cholesterol may not be essential for mud crab megalopa when fed diets containing sufficient levels of supplemental dietary phospholipids.  相似文献   
4.
王顺昌 《水产学报》2003,27(3):219-224
对中华绒螯蟹蜕皮间期和蜕皮后24h、48h和96h肌肉、肝胰脏及甲壳中钙和磷的含量进行了测定。蜕皮后肌肉中钙的含量较间期低,但从24h到48h有所增加。肝胰脏中钙的含量在蜕皮后各时间内无显著变化,甲壳中钙的含量在蜕皮后24h到96h呈增加趋势。甲壳的矿化作用在蜕皮后96h已接近完成。蜕皮后肌肉中磷的含量较间期高,以后变化不明显。蜕皮后肝胰脏中磷的含量高于间期,甲壳中含量较间期低。蜕皮后肌肉中钙磷比迅速降低,肝胰脏中钙磷比在蜕皮后24h无明显变化,但在蜕皮后24h至96h迅速降低。中华绒螯蟹蜕皮后外表皮对钙的矿化速度显著快于磷的矿化速度。  相似文献   
5.
  1. Annual and seasonal encounter rates, life stages and the main threats to loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Aeolian Archipelago (southern Italy) were studied.
  2. Dedicated boat surveys resulted in 258 surface observations and 138 captures of healthy (n = 309), ailing (n = 66) and dead (n = 21) turtles from 2009 to 2013.
  3. Loggerheads were encountered at the sea water surface while resting (87%) or feeding on pelagic prey (13%).
  4. The loggerhead encounter rate (observations per km surveyed) was higher during the autumn, suggesting the presence of potential foraging/overwintering habitats in the area.
  5. The mean (± SD) curved carapace length (CCL) was 48.8 ± 10.7 cm, with 65% of the individuals ranging from 40–70 cm in size. Smaller turtles were encountered more frequently during the spring months, probably as a result of the abundant pelagic prey within the coastal area. During the colder season, larger turtles were more common in the afternoon than in the morning, suggesting that the time needed for rewarming might increase with turtle size.
  6. Ingestion of anthropogenic debris was reported in 48.5% of the rescued turtles. Individual mortality was mainly related to longline fishing (70.6%), with debris entanglements/ingestion frequently associated with these records. Longline bycatch and boat collisions were higher in summer, whereas debris ingestion was highest in spring. Different threats might affect particular life stages because the longline bycatch was more frequent for larger turtles, whereas boat collisions were more frequent with smaller individuals.
  7. Migratory patterns, habitat characteristics and seasonal changes in sea temperature and currents might influence the seasonal occurrence of loggerhead turtles in this area.
  8. These results increase the current ecological knowledge of the factors driving loggerhead turtle life and are important for implementing management plans for its conservation in the Mediterranean Sea.
  相似文献   
6.
张俊芳  杜娟  陈柯  杨洪  宁黔冀 《水产学报》2020,44(4):575-580
为了深入探究KK-42对表皮结构的影响,本实验以外表皮形成趋于结束而内表皮开始出现的蜕皮后期幼虾为材料,通过扫描电镜观察石蜡切片法,分析了KK-42处理前后头胸甲外表皮,尤其是内表皮结构的变化。将处于蜕皮间期的健康幼虾[体长(3.5±0.1)cm]随机分为2组,分别用1.95×10^-4 mol/L的KK-42溶液和不含KK-42的溶液处理,取蜕皮后1.5、3.0、6.0及12.0 h幼虾头胸甲,观察其超微结构。另取蜕皮后6.0 h头胸甲,用解剖刀轻轻刮去内面组织,通过扫描电镜观察内表皮的表面结构。结果显示,蜕皮后1.5和3.0 h,头胸甲只包含上表皮和外表皮,KK-42处理组外表皮的板层数量显著增加,外表皮厚度分别比相应对照组提高了72.07%和38.67%;蜕皮后6.0~12.0 h,外表皮中疏松的板层趋于致密,其厚度在二组间无统计学差异。蜕皮后6.0 h,只有1层板层的内表皮出现,到蜕皮后12.0 h,板层数增至2层(对照组)和3层(处理组),且板层结构均疏松。此外,内表皮表面分布着大小不等、头尾走向的梭形孔道(pore canals);KK-42处理组内表皮结构未见明显变化。实验表明,KK-42对蜕皮后期日本沼虾幼虾头胸甲的超微结构有显著影响,能加快外表皮及内表皮板层的形成速率。  相似文献   
7.
A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary vitamin K requirements of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, using menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) as the vitamin K source. Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles with 6.1 ± 0.1 g body weight were individually reared and fed diets containing seven levels of MSB (0.0, 5.0, 8.9, 12.3, 16.6, 20.7 and 41.0 mg/kg). Turtles fed with an MSB‐free diet exhibited the lowest feed utilization, carapace Ca concentrations, carapace strength or liver menaquinone (MK‐4) concentrations among all dietary groups. Weight gain (WG) in the turtles tended to increase with increase in dietary MSB until a dietary MSB level of 16.6 mg/kg, where WG levelled off. Total plasma prothrombin concentrations, an indicator for blood clotting function, in the turtles fed on MSB supplemented diets were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in turtles fed on MSB supplemented diets. Liver MSB concentrations increased with increase in dietary MSB. Using broken‐line or sigmoidal regression model, the vitamin K requirements of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtles based on WG, total plasma prothrombin concentrations and liver vitamin K were 21.5, 25.8 and 29.9 mg MSB per kg, respectively.  相似文献   
8.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary magnesium on the growth, carapace strength, tissue and serum Mg concentration of soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann). Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles of approximate 5.4 g body weight were fed diets with seven levels of Mg (48, 206, 369, 670, 955, 1195 and 1500 mg Mg kg?1) for eight weeks. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was found in weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio or protein efficiency ratio among treatments. However, the WG of turtles continued to increase with increasing dietary Mg levels up to 670 mg kg?1, beyond which the WG levelled off. The plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and the muscle, bone Mg concentrations of the turtles increased with the increasing dietary Mg levels between 48 and 955 mg kg?1, beyond which the tissue Mg concentrations remained relatively constant. Furthermore, the carapace strengths of turtles fed with the control diet of 48 mg Mg kg?1 were significantly weaker (P < 0.05) than that of turtles fed with diets containing higher Mg levels. Based on a broken‐line modelling analysis, the required dietary Mg level for the optimal WG of juvenile soft‐shelled turtles was estimated to be approximately 650 mg kg?1. By contrast, the required dietary Mg levels for turtles to reach the optimal muscle and bone Mg concentrations were 1050 and 1000 mg kg?1 respectively. The required dietary Mg level for maximal alkaline phosphatase activity was approximately 980 mg kg?1.  相似文献   
9.
Optimal feeding frequency was investigated to improve head‐started propagation programme of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas). The 15‐day‐old turtles (25–26 g body weight) were fed for ad libitum intake at one (1MD), two (2MD), three (3MD) or four (4MD) meals daily over a 3‐month trial. Responses in growth, feed utilization, faecal characteristics, haematological parameters and carapace elemental composition were used to compare treatment effects. At the end of the feeding trial, no treatment had induced mortality. Growth performance in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate was similar in turtles fed 2MD, 3MD or 4MD (p > 0.05), but 1MD differed from these (p < 0.05), and feeding at excess frequency (3MD and 4MD) increased the within‐group size variation. Turtles fed 2MD had significantly lower feed intake than in 3MD and 4MD groups, but the feed conversion ratios were similar. Faecal digestive enzyme analysis indicated higher catabolism of lipid and protein in the deprivation group (1MD), when compared with turtles fed at least twice daily. The feeding frequency did not affect the specific activities of carbohydrate‐digesting enzymes. The results on enzymes activities were corroborated by the transition enthalpy characteristics of faeces, indicating nutrients remaining after digestion. The 2MD treatment also improved the haematological characteristics and the carapace quality, relative to low or excess feeding. Overall, the findings indicate that feeding juvenile green turtles twice a day is the preferred option in their head‐started propagation. This promotes growth, reduces feed consumption, and improves health and carapace quality.  相似文献   
10.
We conducted a multiyear study to examine interannual variability in the mean size (carapace width, mm), maturity size (mm) and depth (m) for grooved Tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri (Rathbun, 1893)) along the U.S. west coast. An additional goal was to provide updated estimates of carapace width (mm) at 50% maturity (W50) for male and female grooved Tanner crab and assess changes over time. Randomly selected samples came from trawl surveys undertaken annually by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center at depths of 55 to 1280 m. We used allometric relationships between carapace width (CW) and either abdominal width (AW) (females) or chela length (CL) (males) to determine functional maturity by sex. We evaluated maturity by fitting logistic regression models to proportion mature grooved Tanner crab. W50 varied significantly between males (125.2 mm) and females (89.1 mm) but interannual differences were slight. The annual mean CW were greater for mature males (139.9–143.4 mm) relative to females (98.8–100.4 mm). The average sizes of immature grooved Tanner crab varied between sexes with males (75.7–84.6 mm) larger than females (66.7–71.9 mm). Size frequency distributions indicated little overlap in the size of mature male and female grooved Tanner crab but considerable overlap between immature grooved Tanner crab. The best model expressing complexity in growth incorporated width, sex and maturity stage. Depth ranged from 195–1254 m with the average depth of a mature grooved Tanner crab (females, 737 m; males, 767 m) significantly shallower than an immature (females, 949 m; males, 918 m) grooved Tanner crab.  相似文献   
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