日本农副产品加工产业分析及对于我国的启示姜丽 渭南师范学院 陕西渭南714099

本文以日本农副产品加工产品的发展历程为切入点,利用SWOT分析法对日本农副产品加工产业的优势与劣势、机遇与挑战进行了较为深入的分析,并最终根据分析结构提出了部分我国相关产业发展的启迪。      

马铃薯淀粉加工的副产物及资源化利用现状

马铃薯淀粉加工过程中会产生大量的副产物,如汁水和薯渣等,这些副产物中有机物含量较高,且COD(化学需氧量)、BOD(生物需氧量)均超标,无法直接排放,作为废弃物又会造成资源的浪费。为减少资源浪费和环境污染,近年对马铃薯淀粉加工副产物处理及资源化利用的研究成为热点。文章主要介绍了马铃薯淀粉的特性、用途、加工过程中副产物的来源,并对目前马铃薯淀粉加工副产物的处理方法及资源化利用现状进行了综述。     

农业科研副产品处置存在的问题与对策

农业科研副产品具有质量及数量的不确定性,目前国家没有明确的界定标准和管理制度,各地农业科研院所管理制度也不统一.文章以天津市农业科学院为例,介绍了当前农业科研单位科研副产品处置的现状,分析了科研副产品处置存在的问题,剖析了造成科研副产品处置管理不规范的原因,并提出了加强组织领导、建立健全管理制度、加强科研副产品精细化管理等加强科研副产品处置管理的对策建议.     

Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Recovered Elastin from Jumbo Squid (Dosidicus gigas) By-Products

Physicochemical and structural properties of soluble jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) elastin recovered from skin by-products were evaluated. The molecular weight of isolated elastin was ~40 kDa with an isoelectric point (pI) between 9 and 10. Aspartic, glutamic, arginine, proline, glycine, and lysine amino acids were the most abundant in squid elastin, whereas the hydroxyproline absence, ~0.7% cysteine content, and the calculated 0.35 isoleucine/leucine ratio were used as purity index. Total and reactive sulfhydryl contents were similar (247.0 ± 5.1 vs 242.0 ± 7.5 μmol mg^?1 of protein, P ≥ 0.05) in purified squid elastin but surprisingly higher than previously reported in other elastins. On the other hand, the secondary structures of squid elastin analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were ~45% β-sheets, ~15% α-helices, ~10% β-turns, and ~30% undefined structures. In addition, squid elastin experienced glass transition at 82.01 ± 0.01ºC, denaturation temperature at 110.45 ± 0.64ºC, and aggregation at 197.5 ± 0.23ºC. In conclusion, the prevalence of charged amino acids and pI of squid elastin can facilitate its solubilization in hydrophilic systems, whereas the secondary structure profile and thermostability are desirable features in proteins used for biopolymer designs such as food biofilms or barrier systems.     

花生副产物在畜牧生产中的综合利用

花生在生产过程中产生大量副产物,其营养价值较高,是重要的饲料加工原料。文章主要针对花生生产过程中副产物营养价值及在畜牧生产中的利用进行综述。     

向日葵副产物的营养特性及在反刍动物中的应用

饲料资源缺乏一直以来都是制约中国畜牧业发展的主要因素。从长远看，常规饲料已不能维持中国畜牧业的可持续发展，开发新的饲料资源是解决饲料不足的重要途径之一。向日葵副产物营养价值较高、来源广、价格低，是一种非常具有开发价值的新型饲料。向日葵副产物包括向日葵饼粕、向日葵盘、向日葵秸秆及葵花籽壳：向日葵饼粕蛋白质含量高、纤维含量低，是一种优质的植物蛋白来源，可以提高奶牛乳汁的营养价值、促进肉牛生长、提高羊的瘤胃发酵效果；向日葵盘粗脂肪含量高，含有大量的膳食纤维，可以提高奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率，促进肉牛增重，提高羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度以及粗蛋白质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维的消化率；向日葵秸秆富含氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等矿物质元素以及少量的蛋白质，可以为肉牛提供一些常量元素和微量元素，提高羊的日增重，降低料重比；葵花籽壳的主要成分是纤维素和木质素，含有丰富的生物活性物质，可以提高奶牛日增重、肉牛饲料转化率。作者具体介绍了向日葵副产物饼粕、葵盘、秸秆、葵花籽壳的营养价值，以及目前它们在反刍动物饲料中的应用情况，以期为今后向日葵副产物的开发利用提供理论依据。     

新疆籽瓜副产物加工利用研究现状及前景

籽瓜是西瓜的分支品种,丰富的籽瓜资源是制作炒瓜子的主要原料。取籽后的籽瓜瓜皮和瓜瓤中含有大量的氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,充分利用籽瓜废弃物有利于提高籽瓜产品的附加值。本文介绍籽瓜的营养成分,综述籽瓜副产物加工利用的研究现状,展望籽瓜及其加工产业的发展前景。     

低值水产品及水产副产品的加工与综合利用

低值水产品及其副产品通常经过简单加工后被作为饲料利用或直接作为废物丢弃,不仅造成资源浪费,而且造成对环境的污染。研究表明,利用高新技术,可以把低值水产品或水产品下脚料加工成功能性鱼油制品、新型鱼糜制品、海鲜调味品和营养丰富的水解鱼蛋白饲料等高附加值的产品,以及骨糊、硫酸软骨素和骨胶等功能性添加剂。这些产品的研究开发为低值水产品及副产品的加工利用提供了新的途径。     

The effects of utilization of hazelnut oil,sunflower oil and their products on performance and fatty acid composition of yolk in layer hens

This research has been performed to determine the effects of hazelnut crude oil, sunflower crude oil and its refinery by-products over the laying hens performance and the fatty acid composition of the egg’s yolk. Four hundreds 36-week-old Nick Brown layer hens were allocated into five groups. Treatment groups were supplemented with 1.5% of sunflower crude oil, hazelnut crude oil, acidulated sunflower soapstock, acidulated hazelnut soapstock and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. The daily feed consumption for groups that were fed with crude oils were numerically improved as compared for those nourished with acidulated soapstocks. Although the percentages of cracked and broken eggs in acidulated hazelnut soapstock group was significantly higher than the other groups, daily feed consumption and egg production values were not different. The usage of acidulated hazelnut soapstock reduced the percentage of intact egg ratio. Egg’s specific gravity and yolk color index were the highest level throughout the experiment from start to end in hazelnut crude oil group (p < 0.05). In group that was nourished by hazelnut oil, Omega 3/Omega-6 fatty acid ratios in egg yolk were higher than the groups that were fed with sunflower oil. The oleic acid content of the egg yolk was increased in the groups which were supplemented with hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. Consequently, hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil improved the egg shell quality, yolk color index and yolk oleic acid value which would increase egg’s shelf life. On the other hand acidulated hazelnut soapstock supplementation adversely affects the quality of egg shell.     

Production,chemical composition,and fatty acid profile of milk from buffaloes fed with cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) cake and murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) cake in the Eastern Amazon

The objective was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation using by-products of the Amazonian industry on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy buffaloes. Twelve lactating buffaloes (544.5 ± 35.6 kg, 6.4 ± 2.2 years old, 59 ± 6 days in milk) were allotted in a pasture of Mombaça grass and managed under rotational grazing (4 days occupancy/28 days rest). A 3 × 3 Latin square was adopted, and each animal alternately received three supplementary treatments based on corn bran + soybean meal or cupuaçu cake or murumuru cake for 21 days per treatment. Murumuru cake increased the levels of lauric acid and myristic acid in the milk (p < 0.05). Murumuru cake reduced the unsaturated fatty acid contents in the milk compared with animals fed control diet or cupuaçu cake (24.27% vs. 25.24% vs. 25.08%). The n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.6, 1.97, and 2.0 in the control, cupuaçu, and murumuru groups, respectively. Based on this parameter, cakes made from cupuaçu as well as murumuru could be considered to be adequate for inclusion in dairy water buffalo feed. However, the murumuru cake addition requires some caution because its use induces the secretion of higher levels of lauric and myristic fatty acids that are related to human cardiovascular disease.