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1.
This study was carried out to assess the effects of a blend of herbal essential oils (namely Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus offisinalis and Anethum graveolens) and different dietary lipid sources on the performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, intestinal histological alterations and immune responses in laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 150 laying hens were randomly allocated to six experimental treatments with five replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of three levels of a mixture of essential oils (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and two sources of lipid (soybean oil and fish oil containing different ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids) fed to the animals during an 80‐days feeding trial. Findings indicated that dietary administration of fish oil not only increased significantly the spleen relative weight (p < 0.01) and the antibody titre against Newcastle virus (p < 0.05) but also led to reductions in liver relative weight (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mixture of herbal essential oils brought about declines in hepatic relative weight, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05) and intestinal pathogen populations (p < 0.01). Mention must also be made of the improvements it made in spleen weight (p < 0.01), antibody titres against SRBC (p < 0.01) and Newcastle virus (p < 0.05), villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01), goblet cell numbers (p < 0.05), lamina propria lymphatic follicle diameters (p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.06). It may be claimed that the enhancements observed in the performance of laying hens fed fish oil and 200 mg/kg of the blend of essential oils could have potentially been associated with improved intestinal health indices as well as cellular and humoral immune responses.  相似文献   
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Sensory analysis is indispensable in order to promote the project of developing sorghum-based products and, therefore, work on sensory profiles of these products and consumer acceptance is needed to help them succeed. Thus, this study investigated the acceptance of 5 optimized gluten-free sorghum-based and a Reference (with gluten) cakes (prepared from cake premixes), considering their drivers of liking and disliking and their purchase intention. Chocolate and orange flavored gluten-free cakes were prepared based on the numerical optimizations of the formulations (technological, nutritional, functional, technological and nutritional, and technological and functional optimizations). Three sensory evaluation techniques were applied to cakes: acceptance testing, purchase intention and Check-all-that-apply. There was an improvement in the sensory properties of the gluten-free samples in which the nutritional or functional characteristics were optimized together with the technological characteristics, resulting in higher acceptances. It was confirmed that sensory studies are indispensable to confront the challenge of developing sorghum-based foods with sensory characteristics desired by consumers. Therefore, it is concluded that it was possible to offer a gluten-free cake premix that presents good sensory quality, having the potential to be offered as a novelty by the food industry, given that most consumers stated that they did not know sorghum.  相似文献   
4.
SmartStax® insect-protected corn (Zea mays L.) contains genes for six Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins controlling both lepidopteran pests and the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica spp.). The properties of SmartStax, particularly the multiple effective modes of action (i.e., each Bt protein provides a high level of control of the target pests with a low probability of cross-resistance among the proteins), have provided the opportunity to add to previously approved structured refuge options by combining the non-Bt refuge seed with SmartStax seed in a seed mix. Seed mixes ensure that a refuge is present in every Bt field, remove concerns about grower compliance with refuge requirements, and provide grower convenience. However, seed mixes could increase the likelihood that larval insects move between Bt and non-Bt plants and vice versa. Assessing the insect resistance management (IRM) value of a seed mix refuge requires an assessment of the amount of larval movement, and the consequences of that movement, for the key target pests. The studies here present such data for control of corn rootworm by SmartStax corn, which contains the rootworm-active protein Cry3Bb1 and the binary protein Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1. In a growth chamber experiment, SmartStax was most effective against first instars and significantly effective against second instars, but did not control third instars. In a field study of movement from a heavily infested non-Bt plant onto surrounding plants, a larger percentage of insects successfully dispersed from the infested plant when the surrounding plants were non-Bt plants than when they were SmartStax plants. A paired-plant study showed that few larvae migrated from infested SmartStax plants and survived on nearby non-Bt plants; larvae that migrated from infested non-Bt plants had low survival if the adjacent plants were SmartStax. Replicated field studies of plant-to-plant movement indicated that the non-Bt plants in a 5% or 10% seed mix consistently supported large populations of susceptible insects and represented a productive refuge, whereas the SmartStax plants had few or no survivors. The timing of emergence from seed mix plots containing 5% or 10% non-Bt plants was more similar to that of the non-Bt plots than that of the SmartStax plots. Thus, the available growth chamber and field data indicate that a seed mix of 5% or more will provide an effective refuge for corn rootworm in SmartStax corn.  相似文献   
5.
Blending Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn and non-Bt corn seeds in the same bag is a convenient and easier compliance solution to satisfy refuge regulations. However, there has been considerable debate and concern about larval movement of the target insects in a seed blend because of its potential effect on the development of resistance. Reported here are studies to determine the larval movement of European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in a seed blend compared to a structured refuge and their effects on survival, feeding injury and larval fitness. Also evaluated is the relative performance of a purple-seeded corn hybrid as a surrogate host plant for tracking gene flow. Seed blend and structured refuge arrangements of Agrisure GT/CB/LL Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab and isoline plants were evaluated at two locations in 2013 and 2014 by manually infesting refuge plants with first and second generation corn borer larvae. The majority of leaf and stalk injury was recorded on the refuge plant, which amounted to 66–83% of the total tunnel length. In both refuge arrangements, plant injury and the number of larvae recovered significantly decreased on neighboring plants with increasing distance away from the refuge plant in the same row. The relative decline in injury was much more pronounced in the seed blend, with neighbor Bt plants experiencing very minor tunneling or no injury at all due to the high dose trait. Eighty-nine percent fewer live larvae were also found on neighbor Bt plants in the seed blend compared to those found in the structured refuge plots. Larvae that moved to Bt plants as well as older instars that were manually placed on Bt plants failed to complete development. Comparison of the number of tunnels and larvae recovered per refuge plant indicated that the seed blend may not produce as many susceptible individuals as those produced in a structured refuge arrangement. Although the purple-seeded hybrid showed lower levels of ear and stalk injury, it could serve as an appropriate surrogate refuge plant to track gene flow.  相似文献   
6.
以聚L-乳酸(PLLA)和麦草(WS)为原料,以N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂,采用溶液共混法制备了PLLA/WS共混物。首先将麦草溶解在NMMO后,再添加聚L-乳酸并溶解,制备聚L-乳酸与麦草的共混溶液。共混溶液采用浇膜法制备PLLA/WS共混物,采用差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射法、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析和扫描电镜等方法对所得的共混物进行表征。结果表明,聚L-乳酸与麦草可以形成均匀的共混溶液。共混物中PLLA与麦草组分之间具有较强的相互作用,相容性较好。当共混物中PLLA的质量分数为50%时,共混物可以形成结晶结构,且随着PLLA含量的增加,其结晶更加完美,熔点与热稳定性提高。共混物薄膜断面结构较为致密,这说明PLLA与麦草相容性较好,混合均匀。通过调节聚L-乳酸和麦草的配比,可以制备不同性能的生物高分子材料。  相似文献   
7.
【目的】研究控释肥与尿素掺混比例对土壤氮含量及稻麦产量和经济效益的影响,旨在筛选综合效果最佳掺混比例,为稻麦轮作区控释氮肥推广应用提供科学依据。 【方法】采用稻麦轮作两季作物大田试验,以常规尿素施肥为对照,在稻、麦季施氮量均为150 kg/hm2的水平下,设定添加控释氮肥比例0、10%、20%、40%、80%、100% 6个处理,分别记为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5和T6。除T1(100%尿素)分基施和追施,其他处理氮肥均一次性基施。分析了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量,调查了稻麦株高与生物量、产量构成以及经济效益。 【结果】1)添加20%以上控释氮肥时稻麦生育中后期土壤无机氮含量有显著提升,以添加40%控释氮肥(T4)处理效果最明显。2)与T1相比,添加20%比例以上控释氮肥,稻麦生育中后期的生物量与成熟期产量均显著增加,以T4处理产量最高,稻、麦季分别比常规尿素处理增产11%和14%,显著提高小麦季穗长19.19%,显著提高水稻季穗粒数与千粒重13.79%和8.43%。3)随添加控释氮肥比例增加,稻麦季经济效益均先增加后下降,T4处理经济效益最佳,较常规尿素处理,小麦季增收1108.12 yuan/hm2,提高23.24%,水稻季增收2497.80 yuan/hm2,提高14.87%。 【结论】以40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混一次性基施,可有效增加作物中后期土壤氮素供应能力,促进稻麦生长并获得显著的增产效果,还可减少人工投入或材料成本,有效提高经济效益。  相似文献   
8.
海山仙馆的匾题诗联与园林艺术美的交融   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
"海山仙馆"是广州十三行时期由行商潘仕成兴建的一座吸收了较多西方技艺要素的岭南古典园林。海山仙馆之园林艺术引发出丰富的诗联匾额之作,诗联匾额之作也修饰了海山仙馆的自然山水之美、建筑文化之美、人文精神之美。认识并把握二者间的互动原理与表现手法,有利于加深对行商园林的研究、评赏和传承。  相似文献   
9.
为提高豆渣的利用率、拓宽豆渣在食品工业中的应用范围,研究了豆渣-玉米粉挤压膨化加工后所得分散体系的流变特性。分别考察了加工温度、喂料含水率和豆渣添加量对挤压产品分散体系流变特性的影响,并从频率扫描试验和蠕变及蠕变回复试验对豆渣-玉米糊进行了动态流变特性研究。频率扫描试验得到豆渣-玉米糊的流变特性符合幂律模型,蠕变及蠕变回复试验表明其蠕变特性符合伯格斯模型,且均拟合较好。  相似文献   
10.
对不同地区、不同等级烟叶配方打叶后片烟的常规化学成分、主要中性致香成分和评吸质量进行相关分析.结果表明,影响烟叶主要评吸质量的主要理化指标有总糖、还原糖和总植物碱,与香气质、香气量呈正相关;中性致香成分对感官评吸7个指标中仅对吃味、灰色略有负面影响,对其余5个指标(香气质、香气量、杂气、刺激性和总分)均为正面影响.  相似文献   
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