模式生物果蝇在水环境污染物毒理学中的应用及研究进展

经济发展以及人类活动加速造成生态环境破坏,工业及生活污水的过度排放使得江河、海水的污染加剧,对人类健康的危害也日益加深。果蝇作为一种经典的模式生物,与其它动物模型相比,具有饲养成本低、生命周期短、繁殖能力强、遗传物质简单、突变表型多且易于观察等诸多优点,是一种应用广泛并适合于研究人类疾病和毒理学的模式生物。简述了水环境中挥发性有机化合物、氟喹诺酮类药物、重金属、农药和微生物毒素等污染物对果蝇的毒理学研究,提出了果蝇作为经典的模式生物在研究毒理学机制以及筛选抗毒药物的优势,并对未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害，基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果，收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息，分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物，其中，甲藻门最多，有10种；硅藻门次之，有5种；金藻门和黄藻门最少，各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中，除中华盒形藻外，其余16种均属于赤潮生物，这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域，应加强港口监控和管理，以防赤潮灾害。     

竖壁贴附送风改善冷藏库内流场特性

果蔬贮藏期间，冷藏库内的气流分布是影响果蔬贮藏品质和送风能量利用率的关键因素，合理的气流组织对冷藏库内流场分布是至关重要的。该研究以某苹果冷藏库为研究对象，采用竖壁贴附送风方式，并对其流场建立了三维稳态的SST湍流模型来研究库内流场的分布特性以及货物的冷却效果，同时与传统的冷风机直吹送风的流场特性进行了对比。结果表明：在相同送风量下，相比冷风机直吹送风方式，竖壁贴附送风使得库内温度不均匀系数和速度不均匀系数分别降低了31%和47%。而且竖壁贴附送风使库内空气与货物的换热更加充分，进而使得送风的能量利用率提高了19%。因此，竖壁贴附送风方式应用于冷藏库是一种有效且节能的气流组织方式。     

菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌传入中国的风险分析

从世界分布、主要寄主、经济重要性、传入可能性和风险管理难度5个方面对菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌传入我国的风险进行评估。结果表明,该病菌是特别危险的有害生物。根据分析结果提出了非疫区输入、输出国应严格检疫、进境口岸加严检查等相应的风险管理措施。     

深圳坝光银叶树湿地园林木有害生物调查及防控

对坝光银叶树Heritiera littoralis 湿地园开展有害生物调查，收集并鉴定有害生物72 种，其中有害杂草5 种、寄生植物2 种、病害20 种、虫害45 种。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta 和薇甘菊Mikania micrantha 属于外来入侵检疫性有害生物，八点广翅蜡蝉Ricania speculum 在公园内危害严重，对主要有害生物应加强预测预报、及时防治。     

随书光盘回溯建库探析——以东北农业大学图书馆为例

详细地说明了东北农业大学图书馆关于本馆随书光盘回溯建库工作的具体情况,包括该项工作的准备与实施过程,以及其中的注意事项与具体工作流程。通过与国内比较成熟的非书资料管理系统的对比,总结该项工作需要改进的地方,对相关工作有一定的参考作用。     

转基因食品检测技术研究进展

就转基因食品检测技术的研究进展进行综述，并对各种检测技术的特点进行分析，同时对其面临的问题及发展趋势进行研究。     

天津港口疏浚淤泥悬浮物对海洋动物的急性毒性效应

研究了不同浓度的悬浮物对鲈鱼和梭鱼幼体的毒性效应。实验结果表明:疏浚淤泥悬浮相对其效应明显。21℃和24℃试验水温时,悬浮物对鲈鱼幼苗的急性毒性实验结果分别为:96hLC50为1 711.2mg/L、1 052.8mg/L;安全浓度分别为:171.12、105.28mg/L;悬浮物对梭鱼幼苗的急性毒性实验结果分别为:96h LC50为453.6、168.1mg/L;安全浓度分别为:45.36、16.81mg/L。随温度、悬浮物浓度的升高,毒性效应呈增强趋势。     

Hunt for Palytoxins in a Wide Variety of Marine Organisms Harvested in 2010 on the French Mediterranean Coast

During the summer of 2010, 31 species including fish, echinoderms, gastropods, crustaceans, cephalopods and sponges were sampled in the Bay of Villefranche on the French Mediterranean coast and screened for the presence of PLTX-group toxins using the haemolytic assay. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for confirmatory purposes and to determine the toxin profile. The mean toxin concentration in the whole flesh of all sampled marine organisms, determined using the lower- (LB) and upper-bound (UB) approach was 4.3 and 5.1 µg·kg⁻¹, respectively, with less than 1% of the results exceeding the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) threshold of 30 µg·kg⁻¹ and the highest values being reported for sea urchins (107.6 and 108.0 µg·kg⁻¹). Toxins accumulated almost exclusively in the digestive tube of the tested species, with the exception of octopus, in which there were detectable toxin amounts in the remaining tissues (RT). The mean toxin concentration in the RT of the sampled organisms (fishes, echinoderms and cephalopods) was 0.7 and 1.7 µg·kg⁻¹ (LB and UB, respectively), with a maximum value of 19.9 µg·kg⁻¹ for octopus RT. The herbivorous and omnivorous organisms were the most contaminated species, indicating that diet influences the contamination process, and the LC-MS/MS revealed that ovatoxin-a was the only toxin detected.