节能保质的卷盘式喷灌机双喷枪技术

针对卷盘式喷灌机搭载单喷枪灌溉所需工作压力较高的问题,文中提出使用双喷枪组合灌溉,并对双喷枪与单喷枪在不同工作压力下的移动喷洒水量分布开展试验,对比分析2种喷枪在不同轮灌组合间距下的灌水均匀度.结果表明,双、单喷枪工作压力分别为0.10和0.25 MPa时,其喷洒幅宽分别为45.08和45.60 m, 2种喷枪以1.5倍喷头车喷洒半径组合轮灌时,组合均匀度分别为81.72%和80.36%,喷洒效果基本相同.运用等效年值法,对2种喷枪的初始投资、能耗费和年运行费进行对比发现,此工况下,双喷枪的初始投资、能耗费和年运行费分别为27.45,77.58和105.04元/hm²,单喷枪分别为12.95,193.96和206.91元/hm²,双喷枪初始投资虽略有增加,但能耗费和年运行费较单喷枪分别减小了60.00%和49.23%.因此,使用双喷枪喷洒可在保证喷洒质量的同时,降低工作压力、能耗费和年运行费.     

水稻硬质育秧盘全自动起盘机提升与叠盘装置研究

针对现有叠盘暗室育秧模式下全自动起盘机存在起盘合格率和工作稳定性下降,输送阶段易造成秧苗、秧盘损伤等问题,改进设计一种具有轴向辅助推送秧盘功能的钩杆式提升装置,并构建仿真试验平台确定影响其工作性能的主要参数及取值范围;确定关键部件循环叠盘装置的结构参数,建立多情形目标评价结果函数,并通过Matlab插值法对评价指标进行标准化;采用二次旋转正交组合试验,以托盘间距、横向输送速度、抬起角为试验因素,起盘合格率、叶损伤率、硬盘损伤率和伤秧数为性能评价指标,对试验结果进行响应曲面分析、回归分析。应用Design-Expert 11进行多目标参数组合优化。在托盘间距为190mm、横向输送速度为0.20m/s、抬起角为72°的条件下,田间验证试验得到起盘合格率为97.5%,叶损伤率为0.52%,硬盘损伤率0.45%,伤秧数为9,与理论优化值误差小于1%,比优化前合格率提升5.6个百分点,叶损伤率降低3.5个百分点,减少秧苗损伤,硬盘损伤率降低3.8个百分点。     

贝类养殖容量研究进展

近年来国内的贝类养殖产业出现大规模的病害事故,就其本质看是由于养殖区域生态环境平衡遭到破坏。本文从生态学角度出发,归纳国内外对于养殖容量概念的发展,比较各种概念的适用情况;对于养殖容量数学模型的建立和估算,介绍了目前国内外相对成熟,应用较广的模型,并且评价各种模型的优缺点。     

软硬物质分离技术及其关键设备的研究

根据农副产品加工技术的现状以及现有典型设备的适用范围和特点,介绍了农副产品软硬物质分离机的结构和工作原理.该机解决了现有同类设备加工品种单一的问题,可以用在农副产品、水产品加工领域,具有分离效果好、含杂质率低、产品产出率高和结构独特等特点.     

打破多花木兰种子硬实特性的效果研究

硬实是多花木兰种子发芽普遍存在的现象。硬实种子不透水，必须经过适当处理来提高种皮的透性种子才能萌发。结果表明：热水浸种、砂擦处理、浓硫酸浸泡对多花木兰硬实的破除均有作用，以热水（75℃）浸种15min为最好。不同处理间的发芽率和发芽势均有显著差异（p〈0.01），而发芽指数无显著差异（p〉0.01）。本研究为多花木兰硬实种子利用提供了依据。     

Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates

• 1. Nubbins from 12 coral species were transplanted onto dead giant clam shells at three sites in a lagoon near Bolinao, north‐western Philippines. Transplants were attached using three types of adhesives: cyanoacrylate glue (SG), epoxy putty (EP) and marine epoxy (ME) and were monitored over five months for detachment, in situ mortality and natural self‐attachment by tissue growth.
• 2. Corals attached with SG showed a significantly higher rate of detachment (logrank test) than those attached with either EP or ME (P<0.001 in each case). Also, those attached with EP showed a higher rate of detachment than corals attached with ME (logrank=6.46, P<0.05).
• 3. ANOVA (P>0.05) and survival analysis (logrank=2.85, P>0.05) showed no among‐adhesives differences in in situ mortality. Among the species used, Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, Heliopora coerulea and Porites rus had the highest survivorship with 82%, 80%, 76% and 73%, respectively, of nubbins alive at the end of the experiment and also displayed the highest cumulative rates of self‐attachment. Species with the lowest survival rates included Acropora muricata and four pocilloporids.
• 4. Although there was no significant difference in the number of self‐attaching transplants among the adhesives, corals transplanted using ME and EP self‐attached earlier than those transplanted using SG (logrank=11.19, P<0.01).
• 5. Results from this study highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate means of attaching corals to substrates and carefully considering species‐specific traits of candidate corals for transplantation.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用BSA法发掘野生大豆种子硬实性相关QTL

【目的】野生大豆的硬实性是大豆遗传改良利用中的重要限制因素。利用BSA法发掘与大豆种子硬实性相关的QTL,为野生大豆在大豆遗传改良中的合理利用奠定基础。【方法】利用栽培大豆中黄39与野生大豆NY27-38杂交构建F₂和F₇分离群体,从每个单株选取整齐一致的种子,取30粒种子置于铺有一层滤纸的培养皿中,加入30 mL蒸馏水,25℃培养箱中暗处理4 h,设3次重复,分别统计每个培养皿中正常吸胀和硬实种子数。在F₂群体中,选取22个正常吸胀单株（吸胀率＞90%）和16个硬实单株（吸胀率＜10%）;在F₇群体中,选取20个完全吸胀单株（吸胀率=100%）和20个完全硬实单株（吸胀率=0%）,单株DNA等量混合,分别构建2个吸胀和2个硬实DNA池。利用259对在亲本间有多态性的SSR标记对吸胀和硬实DNA池进行检测,筛选在吸胀和硬实DNA池间表现多态性的SSR标记;用192个SSR标记检测F₇分离群体,构建遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图法定位大豆硬实相关QTL。【结果】利用F₂个体构建的吸胀和硬实DNA池,在第2染色体16.3 Mb区间和第6染色体23.4 Mb区间分别检测到10个和8个在两池间有差异的SSR标记。利用这些标记检测F₂群体,将第2染色体的QTL定位于Satt274与Sat_198间的276.0 kb区间,该区间包括已克隆的大豆硬实基因GmHs1-1,解释17.2%的表型变异。第6染色体的QTL位于标记BARCSOYSSR_06_0993与BARCSOYSSR_06_1068间,可解释17.8%的表型变异。利用F₇株系构建的吸胀和硬实DNA池,在第2（27.4 Mb区间）、6（27.8 Mb 区间）和3染色体（18.2 Mb区间）分别检测到11个、9个和4个在两池间有多态性的SSR标记。利用F₇群体构建包括192个SSR标记、覆盖2 390.2 cM的遗传图谱,共检测到3个硬实相关QTL,其中第2染色体定位到的QTL位于标记Satt274与Sat_198间,可解释23.3%的遗传变异。第6染色体定位到的QTL位于标记Sat_402与Satt557之间,可解释20.4%的表型变异。在第3染色体标记Sat_266与Sat_236间发现一个可以解释4.9%表型变异的QTL,与BSA法检测的结果相符。【结论】利用BSA法可以检测到传统遗传作图定位的所有与硬实性相关的QTL,证明BSA法发掘大豆种子硬实性主要QTL的高效性。     

毛白杨硬枝扦插保全苗的研究

毛白杨硬枝扦插育苗插穗不易生根,成活率低,繁殖困难。研究结果表明,采用浸沾套处理进行毛白杨硬枝扦插,平均成活率达95％以上。该措施改善了硬枝插穗生根的环境条件,空气相对湿度提高2—8.5％,温度提高1.5—2℃。苗木水分代谢平衡,生理机能旺盛,有利幼苗生根。不同处理对毛白杨扦插成活率和幼苗生长的效果是浸沾套>沾套>浸套>浸沾>对照。     

头足类分类鉴定的研究进展

头足类作为软体动物门中的重要组成,不仅具有很高的经济价值,而且还是海洋生态系统组成中不可或缺的一部分,加大对头足类的开发利用已成为世界各国的目标之一。头足类种类繁多,通常是抹香鲸等高等动物的重要饵料,因此其分类鉴定显得尤为重要。本文从方法和材料两个方面对头足类的分类鉴定进行了系统的回顾与总结。传统的外部形态学与生态学在头足类的分类鉴定已经相当成熟,耳石是头足类信息的良好载体,可作为种类和种群划分的主要依据;角质颚是头足类的主要摄食器官,具有稳定的形态特征、良好的信息储存以及耐腐蚀等特点,不同种类之间有着显著的差别,是分类鉴定的良好材料。头足类的分类鉴定要在发挥传统分类学优势的同时,加大分子水平上的研究力度,并将二者结合,相互佐证。此外,还应加强对头足类硬组织的研究和基础资料积累,并建立完整的数据库及检索系统,使其在分类鉴定中得到更加有效的应用。     

The Effects of Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea) Extract on Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in Prediabetic Patients in Taiwan

Freshwater clam extract (FCE) is a functional food that regulates the immune system and has been demonstrated in numerous studies to display desirable anti–tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) responses. In addition, excess TNF-α production is positively associated with type 2 diabetes. However, few longitudinal clinical studies evaluating the efficiency and toxicity of FCE are available. This article reports that patients with prediabetes who received FCE had a desirable outcome of a reduction in serum TNF-α for a long period. This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted using FCE intervention and placebo groups, and 36 patients with prediabetes were enrolled. Two grams of FCE or placebo was consumed daily for 180 consecutive days. The serum of the participants was collected at four time points (0M: before the intervention; 3M: after 3 months of intervention; 6M: after 6 months of intervention; 12M: 6 months after cessation of intervention at 6M). A serum TNF-α concentration higher than 4.05 pg/mL was defined as a cut-off value. FCE reduced serum TNF-α in all participants at 6M and 12M. Moreover, FCE significantly suppressed serum TNF-α concentrations at 6M and 12M and inhibited TNF-α release with time series in subjects with elevated TNF-α values. FCE intervention effectively reduced serum TNF-α and persistently sustained the effects for half a year in patients with prediabetes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS-MS) analysis revealed that the major components of FCE were phytosterols and fatty acids, which exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-TNF-α abilities. Hence, FCE has the potential to be developed as a natural treatment for prediabetic patients in Taiwan.